Objective To uncover the characteristics of distribution of hepatitis B virus （HBV） genotypes in China. Methods Papers on study of HBV genotypes in China were searched in Wanfang and NCBI databases, and the epidemic zone were classified by different regions,ethnicity,and category of liver diseases. The data of these studies were analyzed by meta-analysis to observe the distribution of genotypes and related clinical significance in each classification. Results In China,the genotypes B and genotype C of hepatitis B virus were the main genotypes;The HBV A,B,C,B/C,D and other genotype infection in patients in area 1 （North area） were 0.1%,22.2%,69.1%,3.8%,0.5% and 1.5%,with genotype C significantly higher than patients in other areas （P<0.05）;The HBV A,B,C,B/C,D and other genotype infection in patients in area 2 （Central area） were 0.2%,62.6%,27.4%,3.8%,0.5% and 2.4%,with genotype B significantly higher than patients in other areas （P<0.05）; In area 3 （South area）,the HBV A,B,C,B/C,D and other genotype infection were 0.6%,36.3%,49.4%,2.8%,2.6% and 3.4%,with genotype C significantly higher than patients in area 2（27.4%,P<0.05）;In area 4 （Qinghai-Tibet plateau）,the HBV B,C,D and other genotype infection were 6.0%,22.5%,11.7%,59.3%,with genotype C/D significantly higher than patients in other areas（all P<0.05）;Additionally,genotype distribution among different nationalities was significantly different. Genotype C/D recombination（49.3%） in Tibetan population was significantly higher than patients in other nationalities （all P<0.05）,and genotype D in Kazak was 58.1%,significantly higher than patients in other nationalities （all P<0.05）;Genotype C was significantly positively correlated with chronic hepatitis B,HBV related liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma （Odds ratios:1.979,3.888,4.399,respectively,all P<0.001）. Conclusion The distributions of HBV genotypes in different regions and nationalities are significantly different,and the findings of this study suggests that genotype B might be the original strain of Chinese HBV infection,and genotype C is more likely to cause severe liver damage.

Objective To investigate the effects of magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate combined with polyene phosphatidylcholine on serum cytokines in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Methods Eighty patients with chronic hepatitis B were admitted into our hospital between January 2015 and June 2016,and they were divided randomly into control and treatment group with forty cases in each group. Patients in control group were treated with polyene phosphatidylcholine,and those in treatment group were treated with magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate combined with polyene phosphatidylcholine. The regimen lasted for 4 weeks in both groups. The levels of serum cytokine were assayed by ELISA. Results At the end 4 weeks of treatment,serum tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-2 （IL-2）,L-4 and IL-10 in combination patients were （4.2±1.6） ng/L,（197.5±21.7） ng/L,（34.9±4.9） ng/L and （15.7±2.8） ng/L,respectively,obviously improved as compared with those in the control group [（6.3±2.2） ng/L,（164.1±18.6） ng/L,（53.6±6.6） ng/L,（28.6±4.2） ng/L,respectively,P<0.05 for all];serum alanine aminotransferase,total bilirubin,and international normalized ratio of prothrombin time in combination group were significantly lower than those in control group [（39.8±7.6） U/L vs. （76.6±11.3） U/L,（22.9±3.6） μmol/L vs. （30.5±3.9） μmol/L,and（1.2±0.1） vs.（1.4±0.2）,P<0.05 for all]. Conclusion Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate combined with polyene phosphatidylcholine can improve clinical outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis B,especially in decreasing serum levels of cytokines and liver function index.

Objective To analyze the risk factors of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy （ICP） in patients with hepatitis B. Methods 258 pregnant women with hepatitis B between January 2014 and April 2016 were included in this study,and 36 cases out of them were complicated with ICP. 36 patients with ICP and 222 patients without ICP were analyzed by univariate analysis,and then multivariate Logistic regression analysis was applied to get the independent risk factors of ICP. Results The percentage of ICP was 14.0% in this series;the family history of ICP,hypertension,urine protein positive and high estrogen levels in ICP group were 13.9%,22.2%,36.1% and 58.3%,much higher than in non-ICP group（1.8%,8.6%,5.9% and 7.7%,respectively,all P<0.05）;serum alanine aminotransferase（ALT）,alkaline phosphatase（ALP）,blood urea nitrogen（BUN）,total bilirubin（TBIL） and total bile acid （TBA） levels in ICP group were （119.2±10.2 U/L, 139.1±15.4 U/L, 5.5±0.5 mmol/L, 48.9±6.5 μmol/L and 15.5±2.0μmol/L,much higher than in non-ICP group （78.3±8.3 U/L,98.5±14.2 U/L, 4.6±0.4 mmol/L,32.0±5.1 μmol/L and 9.1±1.5 μmol/L,all P<0.05）;blood fibrinogen level in ICP group was（2.1±0.6）g/L, much lower than in non-ICP group [（2.9±0.5）g/L,P<0.05];age,proportion of first pregnancy,body mass index（BMI） and proportion of diabetes in ICP group were 28.6±4.1 year-old,61.1%,25.9±1.2 kg/m² and 13.9%,and in non-ICP group were 27.8±4.2 year-old,59.0%,25.5±1.1 kg/m² and 11.3%,all without statistically significant differences（P>0.05）;multivariate analysis showed that ICP family history,hypertension,urine protein positive and high estrogen levels were the independent risk factors of ICP in pregnant women with hepatitis B. Conclusion The ICP family history,hypertension,urine protein positive and high estrogen levels will increase the risk of ICP occurrence in pregnant women with hepatitis B.

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of type Y pegylated interferon α-2b （YPegIFNα-2b,40kD） in the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus genotypes 2/3 infection in a randomized,PegIFNα-2a-controlled phase III clinical trial. Methods A multi-center,randomized,open-label and positive controlled phase III clinical trial was conducted in this study. Chronic hepatitis C （CHC） patients who met inclusion criteria were randomly allocated in a ratio of 2:1 to 2 cohorts and treated with YPegIFNα-2b or PegIFNα-2a（180 μg）,respectively,and ribavirin for 24 weeks,and they were all followed-up for 24 weeks after discontinuation of the regimen. The primary efficacy was assessed by sustained virological response （SVR）. Results Two hundred fifty-five participants with genotypes 2 or 3 HCV infection were enrolled. Intention-to-treat analysis showed that SVR were 85.4%（95% CI 79.94%-90.94%） and 79.5% （95% CI 70.84%-88.20%） in patients treated with YPegIFNα-2b and PegIFNα-2a,respectively（P=0.2402）;95% confidence intervals of rate difference conformed to standard of non-inferiority. Positive predictive value of rapid virological response for SVR was 90.1%;Additionally,there were no significant differences in adverse effects（95.6% vs. 95.2%） and severe adverse effects（3.8% vs. 3.6%） between the YPegIFNα-2b- and control agent-treated patients with CHC. Conclusions YPegIFNα-2b provides an alternative efficacious treatment option in patients with chronic HCV genotypes 2/3 infection as its similar efficacy and safety to PegIFNα-2a in this pilot clinical trial.

Objective To explore the effect of tripterygium glycosides,azathioprine combined with diammonium glycyrrhizinate in the treatment of patients with autoimmune hepatitis（AIH）. Methods 68 patients with AIH were recruited in our hospital between January 2015 and January 2016,and the patients were randomly divided into control and observation group with 34 cases in each. The patients in the control group were treated with azathioprine and diammonium glycyrrhizinate,and the patients in the observation group were given tripterygium glycosides,azathioprine combined with diammonium glycyrrhizinate for 3 months. Before and after treatment,serum ALT,AST,ALP and TBIL,serum immunoglobulin and hepatic fibrosis index （HA,LN and PC III） levels were detected. Results At the end of 3 months treatment,serum ALT,AST,ALP and TBIL levels in the observation group were（51.7±7.2） U/L,（45.6±8.1） U/L,（67.4±3.2） U/L and（11.4±1.2） μmol/L,respectively, significantly lower than those in the control group [（79.7±11.9） U/L,（77.1±9.2） U/L,（87.1±4.0） U/L and （15.3±1.4） μmol/L,P<0.05];serum IgG,IgA and IgM levels in the observation group were （11.29±2.24） mg/ml,（2171.4±100.3） mg/L and（2218.8±98.2） mg/L,significantly lower than those in the control group[（14.80±2.75） mg/ml, （2839.9±107.0） mg/L and（2912.0±113.1） mg/L,P<0.05];and serum levels of HA,LN and PCⅢ were （112.4±6.8） μg/L,（61.3±4.6） μg/L and（52.4±3.3） μg/L,significantly lower than those in the control group [（164.2±7.3） μg/L,（82.6±5.7） μg/L and（79.2±4.4） μg/L,P<0.05];No serious adverse reaction was observed in the two groups. Conclusion Azathioprine,diammonium glycyrrhizinate,and tripterygium glycosides therapy have a better efficacy in patients with AIH in the short-term observation.

Objective To investigate the effect of oridonin on hepatic cytokine levels in mice with polysaccharide（LPS）/ D-galactosamine（D-Gal）-induced acute liver failure. Methods 150 mice were randomly divided into five groups（30 in each group）,e.g.,normal,oridonin control,model,oridonin-intervened,and oridonin-intervened for 12 days. ALF model was established in C57BL/6 mice by intraperitoneal injection of LPS/D-Gal. Results The 48 h lethality rate in LPS/D-Gal-induced group reached an extremely high level of 100%. However,the 48 h survival rates in two oridonin-intervened groups were 64.5% （19/30） and 80.6% （24/30,P<0.01）;The damage in liver tissues was ameliorated in mice pretreated with oridonin as compared with that in the model group;Serum ALT and AST levels in model group were（345.3±54.1） U/L and（500.2±53.5） u/L,significantly higher than those in control group[（42.3±0.6） U/L and（117.1±9.8） U/L,P<0.01] or in oridonin-treated group [（303.9±39.5） U/L and （340.6±2.8） U/L or [（130.2±38.3） U/L and （209.8±36.2） U/L,P<0.05];Administration of oridonin in mice with LPS/D-Gal-induced ALF significantly decreased mRNA levels of hepatic TNF-α,IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-6 compared with in model group（P<0.01）. Conclusion Oridonin has a protective effect on mice with LPS/D-Gal-induced ALF,and the mechanism might be related to inhibition of hepatic cytokine activities.

Objective To compare the efficacy of domestic and imported entecavir on patients with hepatitis B-induced acute-on-chronic liver failure. Methods 105 patients with hepatitis B-induced acute-on-chronic liver failure between July 2011 and April 2016 in our hospital were included in this clinical trial,and 54 of them were treated with domestic entecavir as observation group,and another 51 patients were treated with imported entecavir as control group. Serum HBV DNA,liver function index,the mortality rate after 12 week treatment were compared between the two groups. Results At the end of 12 weeks,serum HBV DNA levels in the two groups were significantly decreased and the negative rate in the observation group was 72.22% （39/54）,no significant difference as compared to 72.55%（37/51） in the control grou（x²=0.03,P=0.86）;total serum bilirubin,alanine aminotransferase,aspartate aminotransferase levels decreased to（66.59±10.78）μmol/L,（68.32±11.57）U/L,（46.77±18.82）U/L,the serum albumin levels increased to（37.18±4.29）g/L,and PT decreased to（15.34±1.28） s,all of which were not significantly different to those in the control group [（65.32±9.18）μmol/L,（67.07±9.62）U/L,（44.17±14.18）U/L,（37.51±4.30）g/L,（15.68±1.27）,P>0.05];the mortality in the two groups were 31.48%（17/54） and 31.37%（16/51）,and there was no significant difference between the two groups（x²=0.04,P=0.84）. No serious adverse event occurred in the two groups. Conclusions The domestic is equally effective as the imported entecavir in the treatment of patients with hepatitis B-induced acute-on-chronic liver failure.

Objective To establish a quantified reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） for the detection of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α（HNF4α） mRNA in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. Method Total RNA was extracted from 16 cancerous tissues of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma（HCC）. The full-length cDNA was obtained by RT-PCR and the products was sequenced after TA cloning. Then,the primer and MGB fluorescent probe were designed for HNF4α mRNA quantification. A one-step RT quantitative PCR assay was established and β-actin mRNA acted as internal control. The HNF4aα mRNA levels in the tissues was calculated. The expression of HNF4α protein was also detected in cancerous tissues by immunohistochemical staining. Results The quantitative detection of HNF4α mRN （V-4α） in HCC tissues was established successfully,and the slope of the standard curve was-3.237 with the correlation coefficient（r） being 0.994. The standard curve of β-actin mRNA was-3.037,and the correlation coefficient（r） was 0.996. The HNF4α mRNA levels were consistent with the HNF4α protein expression in the 16 HCC tissues. Conclusion We successfully establish a quantitative PCR for the detection of HNF4α mRNA in HCC patients,which warrants further study.

Objective Based on relevant database data,we tried to explore the importance of PI3K/Akt/PAK1 signaling pathway to HCC metastasis and provide an effective molecular marker for the prevention of HCC. Methods From GES364 data sets of GEO in the NCBI database,we searched the materials about the PI3K/Akt/PAK1 expression in intrahepatic spread （IHS）,entrahepatic metastasis （EHM）,non-metastasis （NM） and normal livers （N）. Results The expression of PAK1 and MMP-9 were up-regulated in IHS and EHM group（P<0.0001） as compared with those in normal liver and NM group; the expression of AKT （1/2） and Girdin were up-regulated in the IHS,EHM and NM group（P<0.05） as compared with in normal liver;in the EHM group,the expression of AKT2 was positively correlated to PAKI（r=0.5679,P=0.0013）. Conclusions The up-regulation of PAK1 and MMP-9 could promote the spread and metastasis of HCC cells,the increased expression and activities of AKT are crucial for metastasis of liver cancer,and the PI3K/AKT/PAK1 signaling pathway is closely related to the development and metastasis in patients with HCC.

Objective To study the expression of claudin-18,maspin and p53 in tissues of cholangiocarcinoma. Methods The expression of claudin-18,maspin and p53 were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot in 46 cholangiocarcinoma and 32 normal liver tissues. Result The positive rates of claudin-18 and p53 in cancerous tissues were 52.17% and 56.52%,respectively,significantly higher than 0.0% and 0.0% in normal control（P<0.01）;The positive rate of maspin in cancerous tissues was 86.96%,much lower than 100.0% in normal control（P<0.01）;The relative expression levels of claudin-18,maspin and p53 were 2.83±0.52, 2.45±1.24 and 1.73±1.26, respectively,significantly higher than 0.48±0.75,0.46±0.32 and 0.0±0.0 in the control （P<0.05）;The expression of maspin was negatively correlated with p53 expression in cancerous tissues（r=-8.546,P=0.001）. Conclusion The implication of maspin,claudin-18 and p53 expression in cholangiocarcinoma tissues needs further investigation.

Objective To study the clinical efficacy and safety of cool-tip microwave ablation combining transcatheter arterial chemoembolizatio （TACE） in treatment of patients with primary liver cancer （PLC）. Methods There were 72 patients with PLC in our series,and they were randomly divided into control group and observation group with 36 cases in each. The patients in the two groups were treated with cool-tip microwave ablation and TACE or TACE alone. The effective rate,two-year survival rate and serum alpha fetoprotein （AFP） reduction rate were evaluated. Results After 6 months of treatment,the total effective rate was 88.9% in the combination group,much higher than that（69.4%,x²=4.12,P=0.04） in TACE group;two-year survival rate was 66.7% in the combination group,much high than that（41.7%,x²=4.5,P=0.03） in the TACE group;serum AFP reduction rate was 83.3% in the combination group,significantly high than that（61.1%,P<0.05） in TACE group; No serious adverse reaction was observed in the two groups. Conclusion Cool-tip microwave ablation combined with TACE in the treatment of patients with PLC is safe and effective.

Objective To compare the efficacies of ultrasound-guided percutaneous laser ablation （LA） and radiofrequency ablation （RFA） for the treatment of patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the data of 54 patients with small HCC admitted to our department between 2010 and 2014. The patients with HCC were randomly divided into LA （n=27） and RFA group （n=27）. The response rates （RR）,local control （LC） rates and progression free survival （PFS） between the two groups were compared. Results The RR in LA group was 81.5%,not statistically significantly different compared with 77.8% （P>0.05） in the RFA group;The LC at the end of one year in RFA group was 77.8%,significantly higher than 51.9% in LA group （P<0.05）;The PFS in RFA group was （12.5±6.6） months,significantly longer than （8.7±5.1） months in LA group（P<0.05）;There was no significant difference as respect to the incidence of postoperative complications （P>0.05）. Conclusions RFA can improve LC,and prolong PFS in patients with small HCC,which warrants further clinical application.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of radiofrequency ablation（RFA） combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolizatio（TACE） in treatment of patients with primary liver cancer （PLC）. Methods 97 patients with PLC were recruited in our hospital between January 2014 and February 2016. 52 patients with PLC received RFA plus TACE and 45 received TACE alone. Serum cytokines were detected by ELISA. The clinical efficacy,changes of peripheral blood T cell subset before and after treatment and life quality after treatment in the two groups were compared. Results The total effective rate in RFA plus TACE group was 67.31%,significantly higher than 40.00% in TACE group（P<0.05）;the disease control rate in combination group was 90.38%,significantly higher than 73.33% in TACE group （P<0.05）;he percentage of CD3⁺T cells,CD4⁺T cells and the ratio of CD4⁺/CD8⁺ 3 months after treatment in combination group were（68.40±10.20）%,45.76±6.83）% and（1.96±0.31）,respectively,all significantly higher than in TACE group[（56.14±6.75）%,（33.27±5.16）% and （1.21±0.22）,P<0.05],while the CD8⁺T cells was （22.08±2.55）%,significantly lower than （28.42±3.97）% in TACE group（P<0.05）;serum levels of IL-6,IL-8 and TNF-α 3 months after treatment in combination group were（129.45±67.14） pg/mL,（0.49±0.13） ng/mL and（134.78±88.20） pg/mL,respectively,significantly lower than in the TACE group [（165.30±65.91） pg/mL,（0.72±0.20） ng/mL and（200.43±84.02） pg/mL,P<0.05];the life quality improvement rate in RFA plus TACE group was 55.77%,significantly higher than 40.00% in TACE group（P<0.05） and the complication occurrence rate was 73.08%,which had no significant difference compared to 71.11% in TACE group. Conclusion RFA combined with TACE has better efficacy in treatment of patients with PLC with improved immune functions and life quality.

Objective To observe the clinical effects of early enteral nutrition and ecoimmunonutrition in patients with primary liver cancer after hepatectomy. Methods 120 patients with primary liver cancer after hepatectomy were randomly divided into observation group （n=60） and control group （n=60）. In the control group, the patients were treated with routine enteral nutrition,while in the observation group the intervention including L-glutamine,L-arginine and bifid triple viable were given at the base of routine enteral nutrition. The postoperative serum liver function index,immunoglobulin,endotoxin,tumor necrosis factor alpha （TNF-α）,interleukin 6（IL-6）,peripheral blood CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ lymphocytes,general condition and gastrointestinal function were compared between the two groups. Results The levels of serum albumin,prealbumin,IgA,IgG,IgM,blood CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ in the observation group on the 7th postoperative day were （41.65±4.58） g/L,（196.65±25.64） mg/L,（2.12±0.56） g/L,（9.65±0.86） g/L,（0.98±0.25） g/L,（0.42±0.14） and（0.32±0.05）,much higher than those in the control group [（35.52±5.38） g/L and （178.38±30.54） mg/L,（1.83±0.48） g/L,（8.22±0.68） g/L,（0.80±0.25） g/L,（0.32±0.06） and（0.24±0.08）,P<0.05],while the levels of international normalized ratio,total bilirubin,direct bilirubin,endotoxin, TNF-α and IL-6 in the observation group were（1.05±0.16）,20.34±8.65） μmol,（11.35±2.38） μmol/L,（1.82 ± 0.25） ng/L,（258.62±28.65） pg/mL and （156.24±9.38） pg/mL,much lower than those in the control group [（1.46 ± 0.18）,（38.65±9.46） μmol,（19.35 ±4.28） μmol/L,（2.14±0.15） ng/L,（314.65±41.28） pg/mL and （171.35±20.38） pg/mL,P<0.05];the time of postoperative exhaust,defecation,ambulation,semifluid diet and hospitalization in the observation group were [（44.52±8.36） h,（74.35 ±14.68） h,（30.17±9.65） h,（85.34±16.25） h,and （10.25±1.88） d,significantly shorter than those in the control group [（68.65±10.48） h,（112.58±14.95） h,（41.35±10.38） h,（115.36±25.68） h,（14.58±2.36） d,P<0.05]. Conclusion Early enteral nutrition and ecoimmunonutrition can improve the nutritional status,improve immune function,reduce inflammation and liver damage,and promote early rehabilitation of patients with primary liver cancer after hepatectomy.

Objective To study the difference of magnetic resonance imaging（MRI） scan and enhanced features of patients with primary liver cancer （PLC） and focal nodular hyperplasia （FNH）. Methods 26 patients with FNH and 36 patients with PLC between July 2014 and June 2016 were enrolled in this study,and all of them finished MRI check-up. Lesion distribution and imaging manifestation were compared between the two lesions. Results The proportion of lesions in the left lobe and right lobe in FNH foci were 30.8% and 69.2%）,not statistically different as compared with PLC foci（38.9% and 61.1%,P>0.05）,while the foci under hepatic capsule in FNH was 46.2%,much higher than in PLC（16.7%,P<0.05）;the lesion diameters in FNH foci was （4.8±0.8） cm,not statistically different compared to PLC foci[（5.1±0.8）cm,P>0.05];plain scan results showed that the proportion of low and equal signal in T1 in FNH foci were 84.6% and 15.4%,no significant difference compared with PLC foci（88.9% and 11.1%,P>0.05）;the proportion of high and equal signal in T2 in FNH foci were 88.5% and 11.5%,not statistically significantly different as compared with PLC foci（91.7% and 8.3%,respectively,P>0.05）;Tumor lesions often showed long T1 and long T2 signals in necrotic area in PLC foci,while FNH exhibited a central stellate structure and a signal of long T1 and long T2;the proportion of central scar and feeding arteries in FNH foci were radiologically 65.4% and 46.2%,much higher than 8.3% and 8.3% in PLC foci （P<0.05）;the proportion thrombus in portal vein and cirrhosis in FNH foci were 0.0% and 7.7%,much lower than 25.0% and 55.6% in PLC foci（P<0.05）;the proportion of fast-in and fast-out enhancement and swollen lymph nodes in FNH were 88.5% and 0.0%,not significant different as compared with PLC foci （86.1%and 11.1%,respectively,P>0.05）. Conclusion MRI can clearly distinguish PLC and FNH,which can help the diagnosis in clinical practice.

Objective To explore the long-term prognosis in patients with primary liver cancer after surgical resection or radiofrequency ablation（RAF）. Methods Clinical data of 218 patients with primary liver cancer who received surgical resection or RAF between July 2009 and December 2011 were retrospectively analyzed. 106 cases among them received surgical resection,while the other 112 cases received RFA. The prognosis in the two groups was compared. Results Lesion clearance rates in the two groups were both 100.0%; No patients in RFA group needed blood transfusion,whereas 4.7% of patients in the operation group received blood transfusion（P<0.05）;The average operation time in RFA group was shorter than that in surgical resection group [（30.5±7.4） min vs.（146.2±30.4） min,P<0.05];The hospitalization stay in RFA group was also shorter than that in the surgical resection group [（7.3±0.9） d vs.（12.4±2.7） d,P<0.05];40.2% of patients in RFA group,while 29.2% in surgical resection group had a body temperature higher than 38 ℃,without statistical difference（P<0.05）;Abdominal infection occurred in 1.8% of patients in RFA group and 5.7% of patients in surgical resection group（P<0.05）;The percentages of patients with pleural and/or peritoneal effusion,or hemoglobin （Hb） levels less than 90g/L or serum albumin（ALB） levels less than 30g/L in RFA group were 15.2%,15.2% and 17.0%,respectively,much lower than those in surgical resection group（31.1%,35.8% and 36.8%,respectively,P<0.05 for all）;Enhanced MRI were conducted in all the patients to exam the lesion clearance,and 5.4% of patients in RFA group had tumor residue,while the full clearance was obtained in surgical resection group（P<0.05）;The one year,three year and five year survival rates in RFA group were 92.9%,39.3% and 17.9%,respectively,which were lower than those in surgical resection group （97.2%,56.6% and 29.2,respectively）;The one year,three year and five year recurrence and metastasis rates in RFA group were 39.3,69.6% and 98.2%,respectively,which were lower than those in surgical resection group（29.2%,51.9% and 86.8%,respectively）,with the three and five year recurrence and metastasis rates statistically significantly different between the two groups （P<0.05 for both）. Conclusion RFA can reduce the operation time and postoperative complications,but it is discounted with the possibility of tumor residue and relatively poor long-term prognosis in treatment of patients with primary liver cancer.

Objective To analyse the risk factors of postoperative infection in patients underwent laparoscopic resection of hepatic hemangioma. Methods The clinical data of 286 patients underwent laparoscopic resection of hepatic hemangioma between July 2012 and December 2014 was retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into different groups according to different clinical features. The prevalence of postoperative infection was analyzed by univariate analysis,and the independent risk factors were confirmed by Logistic regression analysis. Results The postoperative infection occurred in 77 cases（26.92%） among 286 patients in our series; the percentage of postoperative infection was 21.5% and 34.2%,respectively,in patients younger than and greater than 60-year-old（P<0.05）,and they were 22.1% and 37.9% in patients having their liver resected < 35% and ≥ 35%（P<0.05）,18.6%,29.1% and 39.3% in patients with hemangioma on the left,right and both left and right lobe （P<0.05）,21.9% and 43.3% in patients with lesion size less than 10 cm and with greater than 10 cm （P<0.05）,23.6% and 39.3% in patients without and with history of chronic diseases（P<0.05）,24.4% and 33.3% in patients with normal and with elevated serum ALT levels（P<0.05）,22.1% and 41.1% in patients with bleeding amount <300 ml and in patients with bleeding amount ≥300 ml （P<0.05）,24.4% and 38.5% in patients without and with blood transfusion（P<0.05）,and 22.4% and 55.0% in patients without and with postoperative complications （P<0.05）;Logistic regression analysis revealed that liver resection ratio,lesion size,chronic diseases history,amount of bleeding,blood transfusion and postoperative complications were related to the prevalence of postoperative infection in patients underwent laparoscopic resection of hepatic hemangioma（P<0.05）. Conclusion The postoperative infections might occur in patients underwent laparoscopic resection of hepatic hemangioma,which needs special concern in patients with risk factors.

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis（NASH） is one of the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. The pathogenesis of NASH includes inflammasomes signal pathway at the base of two-hit theory. The inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that can sense danger signals from damaged cells and stimulate inflammatory cascade,thereby aggravating liver damage. In this review,we discuss the roles of neutrophilic alkaline phosphatase（NALP3）,NALP6 and absent in melanoma 2 （AIM2） inflammasome signal pathway in the pathogenesis of NASH.

Liver fibrosis is a pathological process characterized by intrahepatic diffuse excess deposition of extracellular matrix（ECM）,and hepatic stellate cells （HSC） activation. This article mainly reviewed the changes of various components of ECM,the molecular structure and the spatial structure of the ECM in the process of hepatic fibrosis. And we also summarized the mechanism by which the effects of these changes on the activation,proliferation and apoptosis of HSCs.