Objective To explore the role of 1,25-（OH）₂D₃ in inhibiting T helper cell 17（Th17） differentiation and the role of STAT5 in this process. Methods Sorted CD4⁺T cells were treated with 1,25-（OH）₂D₃ and/or STAT5 inhibitors. The Th17 cytokines （IL-17A,IL-22） levels in supernatants were detected by ELISA;the phosphorylation level of STAT5 was examined by cell immunofluorescence,and Western blot was used to detect STAT5 protein expression. Results The levels of IL-17A and IL-22 in 1,25-（OH）₂D₃-treated group were significantly lower than those in the control group [（12.5±0.5） ng/ml and （22.7±0.5） pg/ml vs. （48.5±0.9） ng/ml and（73.8±1.9） pg/ml,respectively,P<0.01],while in STAT5 inhibitor-treated group had higher levels of IL-17A [（33.5±0.7） ng/ml] and IL-22 [（89.1±1.4） pg/ml,P<0.05];IL-17A [（18.5±0.7） ng/ml] and IL-22 [（54.1±1.6） pg/ml] levels in cells treated with 1,25（OH）₂D₃ combined with STAT5 inhibitor were significantly higher than those in 1,25-（OH）₂D₃-treated alone,whereas lower than those in STAT5 inhibitor-treated cells （P<0.01 for both）;the expression of p-STAT5 was higher in 1,25-（OH）₂D₃-treated cells and lower in 1,25-（OH）₂D₃ combined with STAT5 inhibitor-treated cells,while in STAT5 inhibitor-treated cells had the lowest p-STAT5; the STAT5 protein expression was significantly higher in 1,25-（OH）₂D₃-treated cells,whereas lower in 1,25-（OH）₂D₃ combined with STAT5 inhibitor-treated cells or in STAT5 inhibitor-treated cells had the lowest STAT5 protein expression （P<0.01 for all）. Conclusion 1,25-（OH）₂D₃ might inhibit Th17 cell differentiation via STAT5 signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the effect of prohibitin（PHB） over-expression on proliferation and apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 cells. Methods The eukaryotic expression plasmid （pEGFP-N1-PHB） had been constructed and the HepG2 cells were transiently transfected with recombinant plasmid. Measurement of cell proliferation was performed by using MTT assay. Flow cytometry was carried out to detect cell cycle alterations and apoptosis. Results The cell growth curves showed that the proliferation of HepG2 cells were significantly decreased after transfection with pEGFP-N1-PHB as compared with pEGFP-N1 or controls（P<0.05）;At 48 hours after transfection,the proportion of G2/M phase of HepG2 cells in pEGFP-N1-PHB-transfected group was（27.84±0.47）%,significantly higher than in pEGFP-N1-transfected group[（17.21± 0.64）%] or in the non-transfected group[（22.67±0.33）%,P<0.001];The percentage of apoptotic cells in pEGFP-N1-PHB-transfected group was（31.72±0.35）%,much higher than（18.66±0.56） % in pEGFP-N1-transfected or non-transfected cells [（13.47±0.94）%,P<0.001]. Conclusion PHB overexpression might inhibit the proliferation, induce G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis of HepG2 cells.

Objective To investigate the inhibition of primary cultured hepatic stellate cell （HSC） activation by phenylarsine oxide （PAO） in vitro. Methods Primary cultured HSCs were isolated from rat 1iver by Nycodenz density-gradient centrifugation. The morphological features of the cells were observed under inverted microscope. The cytotoxicity of PAO on HSCs-T6 was determined by MTT after treated with 5 different PAO concentrations（25,50,100,150 and 200 nmol/L） for 24 h. We chose proper concentration of PAO （<100 nmol/L） in this experiment,and then we divided primary cultured HSCs at day 4 into four groups receiving PAO at concentration of 0,25,50 and 100 nmol/L respectively. The expressions of α-SMA and type I collagen were measured by Western blot and Real-time PCR respectively. Results Expression of α-SMA was up-regulated as HSCs activation at primary culture （the expression of α-SMA increased significantly at day 4 （1.51±0.045） as compared with at day 1[（0.762±0.062）,P<0.05】; PAO at 25 to 100 nmol/L concentration range had no obvious cytotoxicity to activated HSCs,and down-regulated and inhibited α-SMA mRNA and collagen type I mRNA levels and their protein expression of HSCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion The HSCs is initially activated at day four in vitro culture,and PAO at 25 to 100 nmol/L range can inhibit the spontaneous activation of HSCs in vitro.

Objective To observe the effect of high-fat diet and high-fructose diet on hepatic histology, endogenous ethanol and related ethanol metabolic enzymes including alcohol dehydrogenase 1（ADH1） and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 （ALDH2） in rats. Methods Eighteen male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group（n=6）,high-fat diet group （n=6） and high-fructose diet group（n=6）. At the end of 16th week,nonalcoholic fatty liver disease（NAFLD） activity score（NAS） of liver tissues was evaluated. The endogenous ethanol in portal venous blood were detected. The mRNA levels of hepatic ADH1 and ALDH2 were detected by real time PCR. The protein levels of hepatic ADH1 and ALDH2 were detected by Western blot. The activity of ADH1 was detected by ADH1 enzyme activity kits. Results At the end of 16th week, the liver tissues of rats in high-fructose group were simple steatosis and of rats in high-fat group presented severe hepatic inflammation. The NAS score in high-fat group was 5.40±0.32,significantly higher than in normal group 【（1.10±0.25）,P<0.05】 or in high-fructose group 【（2.94±0.40）,P<0.05】;Serum endogenous ethanol levels in high-fat group 【（1.30±0.15）nmol/μL】 was significantly higher than that in normal group 【（1.00±0.10）nmol/μL,P<0.05）】 or in high-fructose group【（1.04±0.23）nmol/μL,P<0.05）】;the mRNA levels of ADH1 in high-fat group was significantly 1.30 fold or 1.36 fold higher than that in high-fructose group and in normal group respectively（P<0.05）; the mRNA level of ALDH2 in high-fat group was significantly 1.55 fold or 1.44 fold higher than that in high-fructose group and in normal group respectively（P<0.05）;the protein expression levels of ADH1 in high-fat group was significantly 2.56 fold or 2.52 fold higher than that in high-fructose group and in normal group respectively（P<0.05）,and the ALDH2 protein in high-fat group was significant 1.41 fold or 1.57 fold higher than that in high-fructose group and in normal group respectively（P<0.05）;meanwhile, the activity of ADH enzyme in high fat group（175±28）μ/L was significant higher when compared with that in normal group 【（72±13）μ/L,P<0.05）】 and in high-frutose group 【（78±9）μ/L,P<0.05）】. Conclusion High-fat diet can significantly increase the endogenous ethanol levels in the portal vein, and up-regulate the protein expression of ADH enzyme in the livers.

Objective To establish a HEV genome amplification and cloning method, and the full-length HEV RNA transient transfer cells in vitro. Methods Sera from five patients with serum anti-HEV IgG positive were obtained. After reverse transcription of HEV RNA with specific primers for its cDNA was finished, we designed general segmentation and overlapping PCR primers for further amplification step by step, and then we restructured amplified PCR product respectively,and finally obtained the total full-length HEV RNA cDNA fragments. The sequences were determined by cloning sequencing. The HEV full-length cDNAs were transcribed in vitro, extracted the transcription products of RNA （removal of DNA template） to obtain a high concentration of full-length HEV RNA products, transfected HEV RNA into HepG₂ cells by pulse current,and the secretion of HEV antigen and HEV RNA in supernatants were assayed 24 h,48 h and 96 h after transfection. Results We searched about 300 HEV genome sequences from GenBank and designed the segmentation of recombinant PCR method, which could quickly get over HEV genome sequence;the sequences were determined by T-A clone sequencing; Preparation of high purity of transcription HEV mRNA in vitro was success,and we evaluated the HEV phenotype effectively in vitro;HEV antigen in supernatants was detected positive before HEV RNA showed up; There was no obvious difference between HEV type I and type IV replication in vitro,and both of them peaked up at 48 h after transfection. Conclusion We successfully establish a full-length HEV RNA transient transferred HepG₂ cells in vitro,which might be useful for the subsequent study of HEV molecular virology and phenotypic resistance research.

Objective To explore the efficacy and safety of telbivudine （LDT） in blocking mother-to-child hepatitis B virus（HBV） transmission before or after pregnancy in human. Method 180 serum HBsAg-positive young women whose husbands were HBsAg-negative were recruited in this study. The women in group A （n=60） received oral administration of telbivudine before and throughout their pregnancy, and the pregnancy began not until their serum HBV DNA turned negative;the women in group B（n=60） received oral administration of telbivudine from 24-week gestation to the delivery,and the in control group （n=60） received no anti-viral treatment. The positive rates of serum HBsAg and HBV DNA in children after birth, at 24 w and at 48 w were recorded. Results The positive rates of serum HBsAg and HBV DNA in intervention group A were both 0.0% at birth,aged at 24-week or 48-week;the positive rates of serum HBV DNA in group B were 5.0%,3.3% and 3.3% at birth,24-week and 48-week ages,respectively,and there was a significant difference between group A and group B（P<0.01）;the positive rates of serum HBV DNA in control group were 20.0%,18.3% and 16.7%, respectively,at birth,24-week and 48-week age,and there was a significant difference between group B and group control （P<0.05）;no women reported telbivudine discontinuation due to adverse reaction;the gestational age, weight,body length and Apgar’s score of newborn babies in three groups had no statistical difference. Conclusion Oral administration of telbivudine before pregnancy can result in complete interruption of intrauterine mother-to-child HBV transmission with favorable safety for both pregnant women and newborns.

Objective To investigate the efficacy of hemodynamic indexes of portal vein and liver stiffness measure（LSM） in diagnosis of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B（CHB）. Methods A total of 91 patients with CHB and 41 healthy persons were recruited in this study. All subjects were examined by Fibroscan-502 to obtain the LSM,and color Doppler ultrasound were applied for the detection of inner diameters of portal vein（PVD）,max blood flow velocity of portal vein（PVVmax） and mean blood flow velocity of portal vein （PVVmean）. All CHB patients underwent liver biopsy for evaluation of liver fibrosis staging. Results The LSM, PVD, PVVmax and PVVmean in patients with CHB[（9.40±0.95） kPa,（11.63±0.12） mm,（35.40±0.94） cm/s and （29.82±0.84）cm/s] were much higher than those in healthy persons [（4.45±0.20） kPa,（10.85±0.12） mm, （26.10±1.07） cm/s and（21.94±0.73） cm/s,respectively,P<0.01];the LSM,PVD,PVVmax and PVVmean in patients with S0 fibrosis were（5.46±0.33） kPa,（11.36±0.24） mm,（40.99±1.46） cm/s and （34.42±1.29） cm/s, in patients with S1 were（6.06±0.31） kPa,（11.33±0.16） mm,（34.09±1.43） cm and（28.90±1.31） cm/s,in patients with S2 were （9.87±1.15） kPa,（12.14±0.31） mm,（33.51±1.59） cm/s and（27.78±1.73） cm/s,in patients with S3 were （15.48±2.16） kPa,（12.42±0.26） mm,（33.01±2.11） cm/s and（28.48±2.05） cm/s,and in patients with S4 were（31.85±8.38） kPa,（12.50±0.34） mm,（28.42±2.78） cm/s,and（24.58±2.91） cm/s,significantly different among the five groups（F=29.13,F=4.52,F=5.98 and F=4.36,P<0.01）;the correlations between LSM and PVD,PVVmax,and PVVmean in patients with CHB were statistically significant （r=0.362,r=-0.364,r=-0.345,P<0.01）. Conclusions The combination detection of hemodynamic indexes of portal vein and LSM of liver may be valuable in determining liver fibrosis in a noninvasive way in patients with CHB.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with chronic hepatitis C（CHC） with concomitant type 2 diabetes and to assess the impact of insulin resistance（IR） on sustained virological response （SVR） in patients with hepatitis C to treatment of interferon-α（IFN-α）. Methods A systematic search of electronic databases for randomized clinical trials in Pubmed,Ovid,Science Direct,Embase,Wanfang database and VIP database from 1970 to January,2015 was done as respect to clinical features of CHC with type 2 diabetes,and the correlation between IR and SVR. The Meta analysis was performed by using the RevMan 5.2 software. Result Twenty-two papers published in English were retrieved in this study,with eleven on CHC with type two diabetes,and eleven on IR impacting response to IFN-α therapy. Patients with CHC and type 2 diabetes had older age and higher BMI than in patients with CHC or diabetes alone [P=0.0001,SMD=0.30,95%CI （0.15,0.45）,P=0.04,SMD=0.17,95%CI（0.01,0.34）];More patients with CHC and type 2 diabetes had family history of diabetis than in patients with CHC or diabetes alone[P=0.01,RR=1.07,95%CI（1.02,1.13）];The incidence of genotype 1 infection in CHC patients with type 2 diabetes was significantly lower than in that of CHC alone[P=0.01,RR=0.82,95%CI（0.71,0.95）],while there was no significant differences as respect of genotypes 2/3 infection in the two groups[P=0.25,RR=1.16,95%CI（0.90,1.50）,P=0.92,RR=1.06,95%CI （0.30,3.78）];The incidence of IR was higher in CHC patients with non-sustained virological response（NSVR） to interferon-α therapy than in those who got SVR [P<0.0001,SMD=0.80,95%CI（0.63,0.97）,P<0.0001,OR=2.0,95%CI （1.59,2.52）]. Conclusion s Patients with CHC and type 2 diabetes tends to be elderly with higher BMI levels and much more family history of diabetes. IR is associated with a lower SVR in CHC patients receiving IFN-α therapy.

Objectve To explore the clinical and pathological features of patients with Chinese herbal drug-induced liver injury（DILI） in recent years. Methods 305 patients with Chinese herbal drug-induced liver injury between Jan 2010 and Jan 2015 were enrolled in this study. The serology for exclusion of viral infection were done by ELISA,and liver biopsies were performed routinely. The clinical symptoms,findings of laboratory examinations were analyzed retrospectively. Results Major symptoms and signs in these patients included fatigue （64.3%）,anorexia （46.6%） and splenomegaly （78.0%）;Hepatocellular type （40.0%） was the major clinical type, and 87.9% of the patients had taken Chinese herbal medicine for more than 2 weeks before the occurrence of liver injury;The main pathological changes in the liver tissues were moderate inflammation and fibrosis （G2-3S2-3 accounted for 59.0%）;Liver injury-induced by administration of polygonum multiflorum accounted for 11.8%, thunder god vine for 10.8%,airpotato yam rhizome for 9.2% and compounded herbal medicine for the treatment of psoriasis for 13.8%,and osteoarthrosis for 5.6%;the three above-mentioned herbal medicine took shorter times to induce liver injury;After 24-week management by withdrawal of suspected medicines and supporting treatment, 284 patients（93.1%） recovered. Conclusion Chinese herbal drug-induced liver injury has slow onset,and it could take long before being noticed. More attentions must be paid in clinical practice.

Objective This study was aimed to determine the correlation between controlled attenuation parameters（CAPs） of spleen and liver,and investigate the influencing factors in the detections. Methods A total of 274 patients with chronic liver diseases and spleen parenchyma thickness >4 cm were included in this study. We used FibroTouch to measure the stiffness and CAP values of liver and spleen. Then,we tried to find the correlation between liver and spleen measurements by Pearson correlation analysis. Results The success rate of the liver detection was 100%,while the success rate of the spleen detection was 77.37%;The stiffness values of liver and spleen were（10.07±7.04）kPa and （21.34±19.41）kPa respectively,and they were significant correlated （r=0.548,P<0.000） and the CAP values of liver and spleen were（235.90±54.40） dB/m and （245.45±66.59） dB/m respectively,and they had a significant correlation too（r=0.443,P<0.000）;in patients with BMI<24 kg/m²,24~28 kg/m² and≥28 kg/m²,the liver CAP were （217.0±45.8）dB/m,（251.6±52.8）dB/m and （299.2±46.0）dB/m;in patients with skin to liver capsule depth（SCD）≤20 mm,20~25 mm and ≥25 mm,the liver CAP were （204.5±26.5）dB/m,（237.9±31.1）dB/m and （268.9±60.7）dB/m,suggesting they increased with the increase of BMI and SCD; The spleen CAP in each group of BMI<24 kg/m²,24~28 kg/m² and ≥28 kg/m² were （230.4±68.9）dB/m,（261.8±52.8）dB/m and（288.2±41.5）dB/m;Liver CAP in each group of SCD≤20 mm,20~25 mm and≥25 mm were （229.8±68.4）dB/m,（262.2±54.3）dB/m and（258.4±60.2）dB/m,suggesting they increased with the increase of BMI,but had no significant difference in the group of SCD<25 mm and SCD≥25 mm;The multivariate linear regression showed that BMI was the independent factor of liver CAP,while high-density lipoprotein was the independent factor of spleen CAP. Conclusion FT can be used to detect the liver CAP in almost all and spleen CAP in most of patients with chronic liver diseases,and the application of the latter in diagnosis of liver diseases needs to further investigation.

Objective To compare the differences of vascular endothelial functions between patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease（NAFLD） and metabolic syndrome（MS） and with NAFLD without MS,and to analyze the related risk factors. Methods Clinical data of the hospitalized patients with NAFLD between January 2015 and October 2015 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University were collected. 91 patients were divided into group A（NAFLD without MS） and group B （NAFLD with MS）. Reactive hyperemia index （RHI） in fingers was measured by Endo-PAT2000. A binary logistic regression analysis was performed to define the risk factors for the endothelial dysfunction in patients with NAFLD. Results The levels of RHI in group A （n=52） were lower than in group B （n=39）（1.63±0.29 vs. 1.81±0.29,P<0.01）;The levels of waistline,BMI,systolic blood pressure,fasting plasma glucose and triglycerides in group A[（92.75±9.10） cm,（25.99±2.98） kg/m², （117.87±15.08） mmHg,（5.08±0.89） mmol/L and（1.46±0.65） mmol/L] were much lower than those [（101.64±10.86） cm,（28.07±3.97） kg/m²,（127.41±12.03） mmHg,（6.87±2.90） mmol/L and （2.69±2.22） mmol/L] in group B （P<0.05）;But the levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol,aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in group A[（1.26±0.34） mmol/L,（62.48±9.79） U/L and （93.04±19.56） U/L] were higher than those [（0.93±0.30） mmol/L,（37.70±10.45） U/L and（55.39±15.59） U/L] in group B（P<0.05）;Fasting plasma glucose,free fatty acid and alanine aminotransferase were the risk factors for endothelial dysfunction in patients with NAFLD （OR=1.34,OR=5.58,OR=1.04）. Conclusion The RHI in patients with NAFLD is lower than in patients with NAFLD and MS. Several risk factors for the endothelial dysfunction in patients with NAFLD are associated with glucose and lipid metabolic disorders and liver inflammation.

Objective To investigate the clinical application of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Methods 80 patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension were recruited in our hospital between January 2008 and September 2015,and 75 healthy persons were included as control.The degree of esophageal-gastric varices was observed by endoscopy,and the portal vein diameters, splenic vein diameters,portal vein blood flow and splenic vein blood flow were determined by ultrasonography in the two groups. Results The diameter of portal vein was （1.4±0.6）cm,the diameter of splenic vein was （1.2±0.3）cm,the portal vein blood flow was （1023.2±653.4） mL/min,and the splenic vein blood flow was （593.3±112.3）mL/min in patients with cirrhosis,while the diameter of portal vein was（0.9±0.2）cm,the diameter of splenic vein was （0.6±0.4）cm,the portal vein blood flow was （916.3±254.2） mL/min,and the splenic vein blood flow was （325.6±96.4）mL/min in healthy persons （P<0.05）;the incidence of mild varices in 46 patients with portal vein diameter≥1.4cm was 19.6%,significantly lower than 52.9% in 34 patients with portal vein diameter <1.4cm（P<0.05）,and the incidence of severe varices in patients with portal vein diameter≥1.4cm was 52.2%,much higher than 20.6% in patients with portal vein diameter<1.4 cm（P<0.05）;the incidence of mild varies in 49 patients with splenic vein diameter≥1.0 cm was 20.4%,much lower than 51.6% in 31 patients with splenic vein diameter <1.0 cm（P<0.05）,and the incidence of severe varies in patients with splenic vein diameter ≥1.0 cm was 51.0%,much higher than 22.6% in patients with splenic vein diameter<1.0 cm（P<0.05）. Conclusion Ultrasound has high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis of patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension,which might provide a hint for the degree of esophageal-gastric varices and guide the options for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of octreotide and a herbal medicine compounds in the treatment of patients with liver cirrhosis complicated by upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Methods 76 hospitalized patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding between January 2012 and January 2015 in our department were divided into observation group and control group（n=38 each）. The 38 patients in control were treated by intravenous octreotide,and another 38 in observation were treated by Gexiazhuyutang,a herbal medicine compounds,at the base of treatment in control. The regimen lasted for 2 weeks in both groups. The endoscopy and ultrasound were operated for check-up of efficacy. Results The average hemostasis time in observation was （35.82±12.47） h,much shorter than （49.16±11.58） h in control （t=10.254,P=10.254<0.05）;the TCM score at the end of treatment was （10.25±7.54）,much lower than （13.47±6.73） in control （t=4.538,P=0.000<0.005）;the portal vain blood flow was （580.34±176.38） ml/min,much lower than （650.25±142.47） ml/min in the control group （P<0.05）;Splenic venous blood flow （213.36±90.74） ml/min,much lower than （286.74±101.25） ml/min in the control （P<0.05）;Portal and splenic vein diameters reduced in both groups,but the improvement was obvious in observation group（P<0.05）. Conclusion The application of octreotide and a herbal medicine compounds in the treatment of patients with liver cirrhosis complicated by upper gastrointestinal bleeding is efficient and feasible with the portal vein hemodynamic improvement.

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT dual phase imaging in diagnosis of patients with different sizes of hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）. Methods 40 patients with small HCC,40 with nodular HCC and 40 with giant HCC which were pathologically proved were retrospectively evaluated in this study. All patients underwent ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT imaging by Siemens Biograph Turepoint 40 PET/CT. The maximum standard uptake values（SUVmax） were calculated based on semi-quantitative assessment. Results Out of 40 patients with small HCC,21 cases（52.5%）,of 40 with nodular HCC,24 cases （60%）,and of 40 with massive HCC,37 cases（92.5%） had the SUVmax in delayed phase increased as compared with the early phase（F=16.714,P=0.000）;The SUVmax of early phase and delayed phase in patients with small HCC were 3.99±1.40 and 4.17±1.99,respectively（t=-1.406,P=0.168）,the SUVmax of early phase and delayed phase in patients with nodular HCC were 5.04±1.87 and 5.23 ±2.25,respectively（t=-1.364,P=0.180）,and the SUVmax of early phase and delayed phase in patients with giant HCC were 6.98±2.57 and 8.10±3.11 respectively,and the difference in the latter group was statistically significant（t=-4.119,P=0.000）;There were statistical differences in the early phase of SUVmax values among the three groups （F=22.765,P=0.00）,and there were statistical differences in the delayed phase of SUVmax values among the three groups too（F=26.435,P=0.000）. Conclusion The diagnosis of HCC by dual phase PET/CT imaging is feasible in patients with large tumor mass.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of spiral CT,CT spectroscopy and MRI in diagnosis of patients with primary liver cancer. Methods Spiral CT,CT spectroscopy and MRI were carried out in 47 patients with liver-occupying foci. Results Out of the 47 patients,EDS CT set up the diagnosis in 36 patients （76.59%）,conventional CT found 30 patients （63.83%）,and MRI found 34 cases （72.34%,P>0.05）;Out of 8 patients with bile duct carcinoma,MRI found 7 patients,EDS CT and spiral CT found 4 cases,respectively;The sensitivity of spectrum CT scan and MRI were 92.3% and 89.2%,respectively,much higher than 76.6% by conventional CT （P<0.05）,and the accuracy of EDS CT was 72.5%,and that of MRI was 69.7%,much higher than 50.0% by conventional CT（P<0.05）;In less than 1 cm of liver cancer,sensitivities of conventional CT,CT and MRI scans were 53.13%,90.63% and 90.63%,（P<0.005）. Conclusion The diagnosis of primary liver cancer by EDS CT and MRI is superior to that by spiral CT,and MRI is good at finding cholangiocarcinoma.

There are two categories of antiviral agents that have been commonly used in treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B,e.g. interferons and nucleos（t）ide analogues. Most patients fail to obtain eradication of HBV even receiving a long-term treatment. Disease control and viral clearance depend on the host’s immune responses,which is closely associated with specific-immunity,especially cellular immunity. Strategies of immunotherapies to boost or restore the virus-specific immune response of patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection have been proposed for curing persistent infections. Currently,researches on immunotherapies focused on Toll-like receptors（TLR） agonists,negative immunomodulatory molecules of cytotoxic T lymphocyte（CTL）,CTL agonists,therapeutic vaccinations,specific T cell receptor（TCR） transgenic technology,chimeric antigen receptor T （CAR-T）cells,small molecule,etc. This review summarizes the recent progress in the above researches.

There are many complications in patients with liver failure,which might lead to high mortality. Assessing the prognosis of patients with liver failure in time and accurately is very important for this kind of patients. Here we reviewed the new models in recent years,including the advantages,disadvantages and the use of conditions of MELD score, SOFA score, improved SOFA score,and ALFED model. We also discussed some new biological markers of liver failure.

Liver fibrosis is a wound-healing process in response to chronic liver injury of variety etiologies,which eventually progress to liver cirrhosis during persistent inflammation and fibrogenesis. The hepatic stellate cells（HSC） are the major cell types in the process of liver fibrosis. Excessive production of the extracellular matrix（ECM） is the most special features of fibrosis. A variety of profibrogenic factors such as angiotensin-II（Ang-II）,platelet-derived growth factor（PDGF）,vascular endothelial growth factor（VEGF）,transforming growth factor-β（TGF-β）,leptin and connective tissue factor binding to the corresponding receptors on the HSC surface Results in activation of the corresponding signaling pathways and the activation and proliferation of HSCs,ECM excessive deposition,and hepatic fibrogenesis. Therefore,understanding the relationship of the various profibrogenic factors and liver fibrosis can provide a theoretical basis for scientific research and clinical anti-fibrotic treatment of liver fibrosis.

Since portal hypertension is the primary cause of gastroesophageal variceal bleeding, an effective reduction in the hepatic venous pressure gradient（HVPG） contributes mainly to the cure of variceal bleeding. As a non-selective β1/β2 and α1 adrenoceptor antagonist,carvedilol decreases the risk of variceal bleeding by the means of relieving portal hypertension. In this paper,we review the prevention of carvedilol on gastroesophageal variceal haemorrhage with emphasis on its outstanding features over classical beta-blockers such as propranolol and nebivolol,or other therapies as band ligation,or combination of propranolol and nitrates with the hope of providing a better guidance to clinic practice.