Objective To investigate the effect of galanin on mouse RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. Methods RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cells were cultured in DMEM （100 U/ml of penicillin and 100g/ml of streptomycin) containing 10% FBS at 37℃，in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere. Cells were divided into three groups，namely the control group （vehicle only)，lipopolysaccharides （LPS） group（LPS only） and galanin treatment group （LPS plus galanin）. Cells were serum-starved for 4 h followed by LPS（1μg/ml） or vehicle incubation for 2 h；Cell were then incubated with or without galanin（1000nmol/L） for 24 h. Cell morphology was observed under the microscope；mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α），interleukin-6（IL-6） and interleukin-1β（IL-1β）were measured by real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis were performed to determine the inducible nitric oxide synthase（iNOS） and arginase 1（Arg1）protein levels. Results The mRNA levels of IL-6，IL-1β and TNF-α in LPS group was increased by（7083 ± 432.5），（3106 ± 104.3） and（108.0±47.58） folds of that in the control group，respectively（P<0.05）；and the mRNA levels of IL-6，IL-1β and TNF-α in cells treated with galanin decreased by（1.2±0.2），（0.3±0.08） and（19±1.3） folds，respectively，as compared with LPS group（P<0.05）；Relative level of iNOS protein in LPS group increased by（19.5±1.964） folds compared with that of the control group，and relative level of Arg1 protein in LPS group was decreased by（1.6±0.3） folds compared with that of the control group；After galanin treatment， iNOS protein level decreased by（1.7±0.32） folds and Arg1 protein increased by （2.31±0.12） folds lower or greater than that treated with LPS alone（P<0.05）. Conclusions Galanin exhibits a significant inhibitory effect on proinflammatory response induced by LPS in mouse Raw264.7macrophage in vitro.

Objective To investigate the role of interleukin-25（IL-25） in acute liver failure in vivo. Methods An D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver failure in mice was established. The relative levels of IL-25 and interleukin-17 receptor B（IL-17RB） messenger RNA in livertissues of mice were detected by real-time PCR and the IL-25 levels in homogenates of mice liver tissues was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The relative levels of IL-25 and IL-17RB mRNA in mice with acute liver failure [（18.05±2.46） and（1.89±0.4）] were significantly higher than in the controls （P<0.05）；the levels of IL-25 in liver tissue supernatants of mice with acute liver failure were （26.17±14.00） pg/ml，significantly higher than that in the controls[（12.50±4.68） pg/ml，P<0.05]. Conclusion IL-25 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of acute liver failure.

Objective To study the role of chemokine-like receptor 1（CMKLR1） over-expression evoked by lentivirus in the adipose tissues of rats with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis（NASH）. Method 42 male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups. Rats in control group （n=6） fed with normal diet，and rats in other three fed with high fat diet. Vehicle，CMKLR1 virus （2×109pfu） or control virus （2×109pfu） was injected via tail vein at the first day of experiment. Rats were sacrificed at the end of 8 and 12 weeks. The pathological changes of liver tissues were observed. Kay Murray and adiponectin in serum were measured，and the levels of adiponectin in adipose tissues and the mRNA and its protein levels of CMKLR1 in adipose tissues were detected by RT-PCR or Western blot. Results The pathological inflammation in liver tissues of rats with CMKLR1 overexpression was significantly improved as compared with that in the controls or rats with control virus；The serum levels of chemerin at 8 and 12 weeks were（4.65±0.48） mmol/L and（4.47±0.37）mmol/L），respectively，similar to those in the controls[（4.38±0.43） mmol/L and （4.16±0.27）mmol/L]，and were significantly lower than those in rats with CMKLR1 overexpression [（7.66±0.53）mmol/L and （6.74±0.59）mmol/L，respectively，P＜0.05]；CMKLR1 mRNA and its protein in model group at 8 weeks were （0.235±0.008） and （0.206±0.005），respectively，similar to those in the controls[（0.226±0.008） and （0.21±0.117）]，and they were significantly lower than those in rats with CMKLR1 overexpression [（0.579±0.016） and （0.504±0.121），respectively，P＜0.05]；A similar changes in CMKLR1 mRNA and its protein were observed at 12 weeks；At 8 weeks，serum adiponectin，adiponectin mRNA and its protein in model group were [（31.82±1.51）mmol/L，（0.126±0.005） and（0.14±0.008）]，which were significantly lower than those in the controls at the same period [（37.92±4.09）mmol/L，（0.262±0.007） and（0.35±0.016），P<0.05]，and those in the transfection group[（36.50±2.43）mmol/L，（0.193±0.058） and（0.232±0.012），P<0.05]；A similar changes in serum adiponectin，adiponectin mRNA and its protein were observed at 12 weeks. Conclusion CMKLR1 over- expression evoked by lentivirus transfection could improve pathological inflammation in rats with NASH.

Objective To study the correlation of serum monokine induced by IFN-γ （Mig），regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted factors（RANTES） and IL-9 levels to HBV pre-C /BCP mutation and their influences on the response to Peg-IFN-α therapy in patients with HBeAg-positive hepatitis B. Methods A total of 43 HBeAg positive patients with CHB who received Peg-IFN-α therapy were enrolled in this study. Serum HBV DNA was extracted from peripheral blood，and polymerase chain reaction（PCR） was performed to sequence the Pre-C/BCP gene fragments. Serum levels of Mig，RANTES and IL-9 were detected by using cytometric bead array （CBA）. Results The mutation （MT） of HBV Pre- C and/or BCP was positive in 19 （44.2%） patients，and the wild type was 24（55.8%） out of the 43 HBeAg-positive hepatitis B patients; the serum levels of RANTES and IL-9 were （3274.24±814.79） pg/mL and（9.40±0.89） pg/mL， respectively， in patients with HBV pre-C/BCP mutation, and were （2742.40±764.24） pg/mL and （10.78±2.73） pg/mL, respectively, in patients without HBV pre-C/BCP mutation，and the difference was statistically significant（P<0.05）；nine（47.4%） out of patients with and 4 （16.7%） out of those without viral mutation obtained complete response at the end of 48 week regimen（P<0.05）. The baseline level of serum Mig in patients with serum HBsAg decline at week 24 of Peg-IFN-α treatment was（138.17±96.57） pg/mL，and the baseline level in those without HBsAg decline was （89.74±78.25） pg/mL （P<0.05）；In patients with HBV pre-C/BCP mutation, the baseline level of IL-9 was （10.78±2.73） pg/mL，the levels at week 12 and 24 during the treatment were （8.83±1.94） pg/mL and （8.91±1.97） pg/mL，both significantly lower than the baseline（P<0.05）. Conclusion Serum level of IL-9 is closely associated with HBV Pre-C / BCP mutation，but not with anti-HBV efficacy of Peg-IFN-α treatment in HbeAg-positive patients with CHB. Higher baseline level of Mig could contribute to HBsAg decline after PegIFN-α therapy in CHB patients with HBV pre-C/BCP mutation.

Objective To explore the prevalence of metabolic syndrome（MetS） and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases（NAFLD） in patients with lung cancer. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of patients with lung cancer in Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital in 2013. The results of biochemical indexes were obtained by Hitachi 700 full-automatic biochemical analyzers，and the diagnosis of NAFLD was made by Vivid 7 color dropper ultasound instruments from GE company or SONOLINE 50 color dropper ultasound instruments from SIMENS company. Results Among 675 patients with lung cancer，391（57.9%） were male and 284 （42.1%） female with the average age of （59.7±9.71） yr old；165 （24.4%） cases had MetS，and the prevalences of MetS in patients with adenocarcinoma，squamous cell carcinoma，small cell lung cancer and other types of lung cancer was 25.7% （117/456），22.3% （33/148），21.1%（15/71）and 21.1% （15/71），and the differences among them were not significantly（x2=1.244，P=0.743）；the proportion of elevated serum triglycerides in pulmonary adenocarcinoma was higher than in with squamous cell lung carcinoma（25.4% vs. 17.4%，P=0.047）；There was no significant difference as respect to the prevalence of MetS and/or NAFLD between 456 patients with adenocarcinoma and 219 with non-adenocarcinoma（P＞0.05）. Conclusion Hypertriglyceridemia and NAFLD might be the risk factors for the occurrence of lung adenocarcinoma.

Objective To explore the correlation between gene polymorphism of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 （ALDH2） and drinking features as well as disease onset in patients with alcoholic liver disease （ALD）. Methods TaqMan fluorescent quantitation PCR was used for detecting gene polymorphism of ALDH2 in 296 unrelated healthy controls（HC） and 221 patients with ALD. The correlation between the ALDH2 gene polymorphism and the drinking features as well as disease onset of patients with ALD was analyzed. Results Mutation frequency of ALDH2 in recruited HC was 31.1% （92/296），which was far higher than that of almost zero in Europe，America，Africa and other countries（almost zero），and slightly higher than that of 22% in Asia （22%）. The genotype frequency of ALDH2*1/*1 in ALD group was significantly higher than that in HC group [93.7% （207/221） vs 69.0% （204/296），OR=6.668，P<0.0001] and the genotype frequency of allele ALDH2*1 in ALD group was also significantly higher than that in HC group[96.8% （428/442） vs 82.9% （491/592），OR=6.289，P<0.0001]. ALD group had lower genotype frequency of ALDH2*1/*2，ALDH2*2/*2 and allele ALDH2*2 than those of HC group [6.3% （14/221） vs 28.0% （83/296），OR=0.174，P<0.0001；0%（0/221） vs 3.0% （9/296）， OR=0.13，P<0.05；3.2% （14/442） vs 17.1%（101/592），OR=0.159，P<0.01]. There was no significant difference in distributive characteristics of gene polymorphism of ALDH2 at various stages of ALD development. Compared with those who carried ALDH2*1/*1，drinkers who carried ALDH2*2 were likely to develop ALD with less alcohol consumption （P<0.05）. Conclusions Allele ALDH2*1 was one of the risk factors for the development of ALD in drinkers，but only in condition of heavy and long-term drinking. Allele ALDH2*2 could“protect” human from developing ALD，however，drinkers with allele ALDH2*2 might develop ALD with less alcohol consumption and shorter drinking history.

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of glucocorticoid-decreasing-dose therapy in patients with hepatitis B-induced liver failure. Methods 64 patients with hepatitis B-induced acute-on-chronic liver failure at early stage were recruited in this study，and they were randomly divided into observation group and control group with 32 cases in each. The patients in control group were given the comprehensive treatment with hepatoprotective，antiviral，and supporting therapy，and the patients in observation group were intravenously given the treatment of methylprednisolone at dose of 1 mg?kg-1?d-1 at the base of comprehensive treatment. The mortality， complications，liver function index， serum HBV DNA levels were compared between the two groups after treatment. Results The occurrences of complications in observation and control groups were 12.5% and 25.0%，respectively（P<0.05）；the improvement of gastrointestinal symptoms took [（3.8±1.3） d and（15.5±1.8） d，P＜0.01]，the disappearance of jaundice took [（28.2±9.3）d and （41.5±10.3）d，P＜0.05]，and the hospital stay were [（41.5±4.3） d and（52.2±4.7）d，P＜0.05]，respectively in the two groups；the prothrombin time activity and serum albumin levels increased，and serum alanine aminotransferase and bilirubin levels decreased in observation group more obviously than in control（P<0.05）；serum HBV DNA levels were [（3.2±1.5）lg cps/ml and （3.3±1.3）lg cps/ml，P＞0.05]，and the fatality rates were 9.4% and 21.9% （P＜0.05） in the two groups. Conclusion The application of glucocorticoids in treatment of patients with liver failure can improve the therapeutic effect and reduce mortality with relative high security.

Objective To evaluate serum M30 and M65 levels in patients with acute-on-chronic pre-liver failure （pre-ACLF） and to investigate their value for early diagnosis of acute-on-chronic liver failure （ACLF）. Methods Serum M30 and M65 levels in patients with pre-ACLF（n=35），ACLF（n=40），chronic hepatitis B （CHB，n=20） and healthy controls （n=20） were determined by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. The clinical significance for early diagnosis of ACLF was analyzed. Results Significantly higher serum M30 and M65 levels were found in patients with ACLF and with pre-ACLF compared with CHB or healthy controls（P<0.05）；In pre-ACLF patients，serum M30 and M65 levels[（493.80±143.85）U/L and（712.47±305.67） U/L] were higher in 15 patients who progressed to ACLF than 20 recovered [（351.40±127.78）U/L and（448.15±165.14） U/L，respectively， P<0.05]；No significant difference was found in serum M30 and M65 levels between 15 patients with pre-ACLF who switched to ACLF and 40 patients with ACLF（P>0.05）；The area under receiver operating characteristic curve （AUC） demonstrated that both serum M30 and M65 had diagnostic value （AUC≥0.80） in identifying early ACLF from pre-ACLF patients（0.877 and 0.867，respectively）；When serum M30 levels were ≥453.70 U/L，the sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of ACLF was 0.867and 0.850，respectively，and when serum M65 levels were≥626.71 U/L，the sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of ACLF was 0.800 and 0.850，respectively；No significant difference was found in serum M30 and M65 levels between 20 survived patients with ACLF as compared with 20 died （P>0.05）. Conclusions In patients with pre-ACLF，serum M30 and M65 levels may serve as important biomarkers for early diagnosis of ACLF.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of entecavir（ETV） monotherapy versus lamivudine （LAM） combined with adefovir dipivoxil（ADV） in patients with hepatitis B-associated decompensated cirrhosis after 48 weeks of treatment. Methods All randomized control trials（RCTs） of ETV monotherapy versus LAM combined with ADV for 48 week treatment of patients with hepatitis B-associated decompensated cirrhosis published before May 2015 were collected by searching Cochrane Library，MEDLINE，EMBASE，CENTRAL，Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure（CNKI），Wan-Fang database and VIP database. Meta-analysis was carried out with RevMan 5.2 software. Results A total of 9 RCTs involving 311 cases in the combination therapy group and 305 in the monotherapy group were included. The Meta analysis showed that as compared with patients in ETV group，there were not greater improvement in hepatic functions in combined group at 48 weeks treatment，and the standard mean differences（SMDs） for elevation of albumin levels，reduction of bilirubin levels，reduction of prothrombin time，and，reduction of Child-Pugh-score were -0.10（95%CI-0.31~0.12，P=0.39），-0.00（95%CI -0.58~0.57，P=1.0），0.19（95%CI -0.01~0.40，P=0.07），-0.03（95%CI -0.24~0.18，P=0.76），respectively;The mortality， undetectable rate of serum HBV DNA，HBeAg seroconversion rate，and viral breakthrough rate in patients in combined groups at 48 weeks treatment（5.3%，68.8%，24.1%，5.0%） were not higher than those in ETV groups （4.5%，74.8%，23.4%，2.8%;P=0.83，P=0.19，P=0.96，P=0.39，respectively）.　Conclusion ETV and LAM combined with ADV had similar short-term effectiveness for patients with hepatitis B-associated decompensated cirrhosis at 48 weeks treatment，and their long-term efficacy needs further study.

Obiective To determine the prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth（SIBO） in cirrhotic patients，and its correlation to severity of cirrhosis. Methods 47 patients with cirrhosis were selected as observation group，and 15 healthy volunteers were selected as control group. The gastrointestinal symptom of patients were evaluated by a guidance for clinical rational. The data were statistical analysis using SPSS17.0. Results In 47 patients with liver cirrhosis，22 patients（46.8%） were SIBO positive.While in 15 healthy persons in control group，only 1 case（6.6%，P<0.01） was SIBO positive；the LHBT level in patients with cirrhosis was （157.81±98.32） ppm，significantly higher than in the control group[（38.87±16.05） ppm，P＜0.01]，serum bilirubin levels were（93.31±55.15） μmol/L，significantly higher than that in the control group[（14.78±8.12） μmol/L，P＜0.01]，plasma albumin were（31.74±10.37） g/L，significantly lower than that in the control group [（43.90±7.63） g/L，P＜0.01]，globulin were（39.09±5.07） g/L，higher than that in the control group[（35.94±2.31） g/L，P＞0.05]，procalcitonin were（0.10±0.07） ng/ml，significantly higher than that in the control group[（0.03±0.01） ng/ml，P＜0.01]；plasma procalcitonin，bilirubin，globulin and albumin were respectively correlated to SIBO（r=0.895，P＜0.005；r=0.907，P＜0.005；r=0.755，P＜0.005；r=-0.810，P＜0.005）. Conclusions SIBO is prevalent in patients with liver cirrhosis. The cirrhotic patients with SIBO are more easily bloating and loss of appetite.

Objective To investigate the reasonable diagnosis of patients with acute exacerbated liver function in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. Methods 100 patients with acute exacerbated liver function with underlying decompensated cirrhosis and 200 patients with acute on chronic liver failure （ACLF） were retrospectively analyzed in our hospital. Blood biochemical parameters and blood coagulation function index were routinely detected. SPSS 16.0 software was used to analyze the clinical materials. Results Active replication of hepatitis B virus-induced acute liver injuries accounted for（73.3%），and other causes for（26.7%） in the 300 patients；serum levels of albumin and serum sodium in patients with liver cirrhosis were（27.2±4.2） g/l and 130.5（90.1，143.8） mmol/l，significantly lower than in patients with ACLF[（29.5±4.5） g/l and 134.2（78.7，143.0），P＜0.05）；In liver cirrhosis group，the occurrence rates of hepatorenal syndrome，spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hyponatremia were 26.0%，57.0% and 75.0%，much higher than in patients with ACLF （13.0%，42.0% and 53.0%， respectively （P＜0.05），while there was no statistical significances in hepatic encephalopathy，gastrointestinal bleeding and infection （P＞0.05） between the two groups；the recovery rate was 10.0% in cirrhosis patients，much lower than 25.5% in ACLF patients（P＜0.05）. Conclusion The exacerbated liver function in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis tends to has some precipitating factors. The patients presents with the same clinical manifestations of acute liver decompensation in patients with ACLF and portal hypertension. What type of hepatic failure should it be needs further investigation.

Objective To investigate the effects of cytokine induced killer cells( CIK) combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization（TACE） for patients with primary liver cancer（PLC）. Methods A total of 44 patients with PLC were enrolled in 105th hospital between January 2010 and December 2014. 22 patients received combination CIK infusion and TACE，and 22 were treated with TACE alone. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained by Ficoll separation, and the CIKs were induced by with interferon-γ, anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies and interleukin-2 incubation. The cells were determined by FACs detection. About 1.0×109 of CIKs were transfused after routine TACE，and abdominal CT scan was done for assessment of occurrence of portal vein tumor thrombus(PVTT). Results The incidence of PVTT in CIK and TACE combination group 1 m, 3 m and 6 m after the discontinuation of the therapy were 4.5%,13.6% and 27.2%，while those in TACE group were 9.0%, 45.5% and 63.6%, respectively（P<0.05）；the size of tumor mass in combination group at 3 m was （4.77±1.27）cm，much smaller than[（5.54±1.14）cm,P＜0.05] in TACE-treated patients；serum alpha-fetoprotein in combination group at 3 m was（83.14±31.91） ng/ml，much lower than[(139.24±98.76) ng/ml，P＜0.05] in TACE group；the remote metastasis, such as lungs, brain, bone, etc, in both groups were not significantly different（P>0.05）. Conclusion Combination of CIK and TACE treatment can prevent patients with PLC developing PVTT occurrence, and maybe improve the life of quality of patients with PLC.

Objective To investigate serum levels of soluble endogin （sEng） and its clinical significance in the patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma（HCC）. Methods From June 2009 to June 2014， 77 patients with HBV related liver cirrhosis，54 patients with HCC and 36 healthy individuals who had been treated in our hospital were enrolled in this study. The serum levels of alpha fetoprotein（AFP） were assayed by chemiluminescent immunoassay and the serum levels of sEng were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The correlations of sEng and clinical indexes were analyzed by Pearson or Spearman correlation analysis.Furthermore，the diagnostic values of sEng and AFP for HCC were analyzed with ROC curve，and the patients with HCC with different levels of sEng were followed up for three years. Results Serum level of sEng in patients with HCC[19.71（15.16～23.56） ng/L] were significantly higher than that in patients with liver cirrhosis [6.42 ng/L （4.23～9.89）ng/L] or in healthy controls [2.83（2.28～3.30） ng/L，P<0.05]；there was a significant positive correlation between serum sEng and serum AFP in patients with HCC（r=0.660，P<0.001）；the area under curve（AUC） in discriminating HCC from health control by sEng or sEng with AFP were 0.912（95%CI: 0.851～0.973） and 0.951 （95%CI:0.911～0.992）；the AUC in discriminating HCC from cirrhosis by sEng or sEng with AFP were 0.849 （95%CI:0.778～0.920） and 0.920 （95%CI:0.867～0.972）；3 a overall survival rates were 24.0% in HCC patients with serum sEng≥20.0 ng/L and 41.4% in HCC patients with serum sEng<20.0 ng/L，respectively（P<0.05）. Conclusion The detection of serum sEng can not only improve the diagnosis of HCC，but also has a certain value in prognosis of patients with HCC in clinical practice.

Objective To investigate the efficacy of radiofrequency ablation after resection of colorectal caicinomain patients with liver metastases. Methods 17 patients with colorectal liver metastases had radical operation and hepatolobectomy and 12 had radical operation and radiofrequency ablation （RFA） from January 2008 to March 2014 in our series. Their clinical materials was retrospectively analyzed， and the survival curve was drawn by the Kaplan Meier. Results All the patients in radical operation and hepatolobectomy died within 20 months after surgery，and the average survival time was （13.412±0.912） months. The patients receiving RFA was followed-up for 6 to 28 months，and the average expected survival time was（18.496±2.139） months，which was significantly longer than in hepatolobectomy group（P<0.05）. Conclusion The radical operation and radiofrequency ablation for treating colorectal liver metastases is feasible，safe and effective， and it can obviously prolong the patient's survivals.

Objective To summarize the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic liver rupture （TLR）. Methods A retrospective analysis of clinical data in 84 patients with traumatic rupture of liver in our hospital were performed in this study. Results Out of 84 patients with TLR included 55 men and 29 women，with the average age of（35±5）yr；75 had abdominal closed injury，and 9 had abdominal open injury，being class Ⅰ in 24，Ⅱ in 25，Ⅲ in 17，Ⅳ in 10，Ⅴ in 7 and Ⅵ in 1；35 patients received non-operation，12 were treated by laparoscopic exploration，and two of them transferred to operation，29 got abdominal operation and 10 had transcatheter arterial embolization；35 patients recovered with non-surgical treatments without complications，23 patients recovered with abdominal operation，and the complications included bile leakage in 5，liver abscess in 2，liver hematoma in 2；one died of hemorrhagic shock，one died of hepatic failure，one died of renal failure，and one died of craniocerebral injury after abdominal operation. Conclusion The diagnosis of TLR must consider clinical syndromes，signs，laboratory tests，and imaging materials as quickly and accurately as possible，and make a correct severity classification，and take an appropriate approaches.

Objective To compare the changes of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and serum cytokines in patients with gallbladder stones receiving laparoscopic cholecystectomy （LC） versus open cholecystectomy （OC）. Methods A retrospective analysis was made in 57 patients with gallbladder stones receiving LC and 57 receiving OC. The peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets were detected by FACSCalibur flow cytometry，and serum interleukin-6（IL-6），tumor necrosis factor（TNF）-alpha and C-reactive protein（CRP） levels were detected by ELISA. Results The amount of bleeding in LC group was significantly lower than in OC group[（66.4±17.6） ml vs. （103.5±15.5） ml，P<0.05]；postoperative intestinal peristalsis function restoration and hospitalization times in LC group were significantly shorter than in OC group [（1.5±0.5） d vs.（3.0±1.0） d，P<0.05 and （5.0±1.0） d vs. （8.0±2.0） d，respectively，P<0.05）]；the peripheral blood CD3+T lymphocyte percentages at day one，three and seven post-operation were （29.4±5.6） %，（38.9±6.3） % and （52.1±7.7） % in OC group，significantly lower than those in the LC group [（36.0±6.1）%，（46.5±7.5） % and （63.8±8.8） %，P<0.05]；the CD4+T lymphocyte were （21.9±4.2） %，（28.8±4.4） % and （36.0±8.3） % in the OC group，significantly lower than those in the LC group[（27.7±6.4）%，（34.9±8.0） % and（44.9±8.0） %，P<0.05]；the peripheral blood CD8+ T lymphocyte in the OC groups were （37.1±6.8） %，（32.3±7.0） % and （29.5±7.4） %, significantly lower than those in the LC groups [（32.4±7.4）%,（29.5±6.9）% and（25.3±7.0） %，P<0.05]；serum levels of IL-6 at day one，three and seven post-operation in OC group were （95.9±10.1） pg/L，（58.4±8.1） pg/L and（33.8±4.6）pg/L，significantly higher than those in the LC group ［（72.0±9.4）pg/L，（35.9±5.2）pg/L and（19.0±3.4）pg/L，P<0.05］；serum levels of TNF-α in OC group were（49.0±10.2）ng/L，（65.8±14.1）ng/L and（41.5±8.8）ng/L，significantly higher than those in the LC group[（34.0±9.9）ng/L，（40.7±10.6）ng/L and（19.8±7.7）ng/L，P<0.05]；serum levels of CRP in OC group were （32.4±3.6） mg/L，（25.8±2.7）mg/L and（15.4±4.2）mg/L，significantly higher than those in the LC group [（20.5±3.0）mg/L，（12.4±2.0）mg/L and（6.6±1.1）mg/L，P<0.05]；the incidence of adverse reactions in the LC group was 17.5%，significantly lower than that in the OC group （31.6%，P<0.05）. Conclusions The laparoscopic cholecystectomy has smaller operation trauma， lighter stress response and immune function suppression，quicker postoperative recovery and fewer adverse reactions.

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of laparoscopic surgery and conventional surgery in the treatment of patients with biliary calculi. Methods The clinical data of patients with biliary calculi in our hospital from January 2012 to June 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients in observation group（n=92） underwent laparoscopic minimally invasive procedure，while in the control group（n=67） was treated by conventional open surgery. The clinical efficacy and safety of these two methods were compared. Results The operation durations，times for the recovery of gastrointestinal functions，and postoperative hospital stays in observation group were shorter than those in control group[（65.32±11.67） min vs. （92.80±13.55） min，（11.73±6.59） h vs. （32.86±8.29） h，and （5.7±2.3） d vs. （9.6±1.9） d，respectively，P<0.05 for all]；the amounts of bleeding during surgery and the volumes of postoperative drainage were lower in observation group as well[（34.62±10.85） ml vs. （62.31±13.76） ml，（17.25±5.34） ml vs. （36.87±6.04） ml，respectively，P<0.05 for both]；However，the hospitalization expense in observation group was higher than that in control group[（6320.5±775.0） yuan vs.（4971.4±896.3） yuan，P<0.05]；Postoperative complications，such as postoperative bleeding，infection at incision，choledocholithiasis， hepatogenic pancreatitis，biliary leakage and bile duct injury，occurred in both groups，but the incidences of postoperative bleeding，infection，and hepatogenic pancreatitis in observation group（3.26%，2.17%，and 2.17%，respectively），were significantly lower than those in control group（13.43%，10.45% and 13.43%，respectively，P<0.05 for all）；The incidences of choledocholithiasis，biliary leakage and bile duct injury in both groups were of no difference. Conclusion Laparoscopic surgery has been proved clinically effective and safe in the treatment of patients with biliary calculi，and is worth practicing.

With the increasing diagnosis of autoimmune liver diseases（AILD），the hot spot is on the study of diagnostic methods，differential diagnosis and managements. In this paper，we especially put our focus on the accurate diagnosis，the replacement therapy about the intractable AILD and the differentiation between primary sclerosing cholangitis and immunoglobulin G4 associated cholangitis.

Hepatocyte apoptosis can be divided into physiological and pathologicalapoptosis. Both of them are relevant to the progression of liver disease. Reactive oxygen species（ROS） play an important role in the induction of hepatocyteapoptosis. Recently， some reports show thatnuclear factor E2-related fator 2（Nrf-2） represents one of the mostimportant cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative stress，inflammatory and tumorigenesis. Here，we reviewed the mechanisms of signal transduction involved in Nrf-2 related pathway and its possible roles in the process of hepatic apoptosis under oxidative stress.

The nucleoside/nucleotide analogues have been widely used in the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B，and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate （TDF） has the characteristics of high safety and low resistance，and has been administered for naive chronic hepatitis B（CHB），non-responded hepatitis B，and even patients with cirrhosis with decompensated liver function. The authors summarize the therapeutic effect of TDF in rescue treatment of patients with CHB resistant to lamivudine，adefovir dipivoxil，and entecavir.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases （NAFLD） is an acquired metabolic stress-induced liver diseases associated with insulin resistance and genetic susceptibility，which has become one of the global public health problems. Accumulating evidence suggests that NAFLD may be associated with an increased prevalence and incidence of chronic kidney disease （CKD）. In this review，the evidence of NAFLD related to CKD，and the putative mechanisms by which nonalcoholic fatty liver disease contributes to kidney damage will be reviewed，and we hope it will provide guidance and recommendations for more comprehensive management of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or chronic kidney disease.

Hepatogenous diabetes（HD） is secondary to chronic liver injury. Epidemiological studies in recent years have showed that insulin resistance is a risk factor of developing HD. However，the specific mechanism for HD occurrence remains unclear，and understanding the pathogenesis of HD can help to improve the management and prevention of HD. This article mainly reviewed the effects of insulin secretion and metabolic disturbance，hepatitis virus infection，liver fibrosis and liver cirrhosis，the involvement of insulin-like growth factor-1，tumor necrosis factor-α，free fatty acids，adipocyte factors including leptin and adiponectin，and other aspects of the latest findings.

MicroRNAs（miRNAs） are a kind of non-coding RNAs，which play an important role in cell proliferation，differentiation and apoptosis. Most importantly，miRNAs take part in carcinogenesis. HBV infection is the most important risk factor related to the occurrence of liver cancer and miRNAs are involved in this process.