Objective To investigate the diagnosis of patients with Crigler-Najjar syndrome type II （CN-II）. Methods Three patients with sustained unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia were admitted to our Department of Infectious Diseases，First Affiliated Hospital，Nanjing Medical University. The blood genome DNA was extracted，and five exons and their flanking sequences of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 gene（UGT1Al） were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and the products were directly sequenced. Results Substitution of thymine for guanine at loci 1456 in the 5th exon existed leading to the change of amino acid from tyrosine to aspartate at 486th position of the corresponding protein（c．1456T>G：p．Y486D）． So the three patients were confirmed with CN-Ⅱ． Conclusions A given patient with sustained unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia should be applied early to the gene analysis for the diagnosis of Crigler-Najjar syndrome.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate serum lipid profiling of patients with chronic hepatitis B （CHB）. Methods A ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS/MS） platform was applied for serum lipid profiling in 17 patients with CHB and 23 healthy volunteers. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA） model and univariate analysis were established to analyze the characteristic metabolites and the association with histological severities. Results There were significant lipids changes in the CHB patients ［OPLS-DA:R2=0.775，Q2=0.518，P（CV-ANOVA）=2.81×10^-4］， and 64 lipids with significant differences（VIP>1，P<0.05） between the two groups were found；These lipids belonged to categories of free fatty acid （FFA），triglyceride（TAG），diglyceride（DAG），cholesterol ester （CE）， ceramide（Cer），sphingomyelin（SM），phosphatidylcholine（PC），phosphatidylinositol（PI），lysophosphatidylcholine （LPC），ethanolamine plasmalogen（PlsEtn）；There were lower levels of CE，DAG，Cer，LPC，PlsEtn in CHB （decreased by 18%，17%，10%，32% and 29%，P<0.05）；TAG with higher carbon numbers and double bonds significantly decreased（P<0.05）；PC with lower double bonds significantly increased and PC with higher double bonds decreased （P<0.05）；The free monounsaturated fatty acids increased in CHB （increased by 36%，P<0.05） and were positively correlated with the METAVIR inflammation and fibrosis scores （Spearman correlation r=0.527，P<0.05 in activity，r=0.540，P<0.05 in fibrosis）. Conclusion The patients with CHB have numerous changes in lipid metabolism，and the lipidomic profiling may provide possible non-invasive method for the evaluation of hepatic injuries in patients with CHB.

Objective To compare the efficacy of serological diagnosis model （APRI，FIB-4，Forns index） and Transient elastography （FibroScan） in evaluation of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B （CHB） patients with mild hepatic steatosis. Methods Three hundred and nine patients with CHB proven by liver biopsy were recruited in this study. Out of them，194 had no，and 115 had hepatic steatosis. All patients with CHB were checked-up by FibroScan to get the liver stiffness measurement （LSM），and we collected the laboratory indexes to calculate the APRI，FIB-4 and Forns index. We evaluated the efficacies of the four Methods in diagnosis of liver fibrosis based on liver biopsy as the gold standard. Results The differences of LSM，APRI，FIB-4，Forns index in patients with and without liver steatosis were not statistically significant（all P>0.05）；The area under the ROC curve （AUROC） of LSM，APRI，FIB-4 and Forns index for the diagnosis of obvious liver fibrosis （≥F2） in CHB patients without hepatic steatosis were 0.77，0.69，0.72 and 0.69 （all P<0.05），and its corresponding cut-off-values were 10.2，0.5，0.9 and 5.3；the AUROC for the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis（≥F4） were 0.86，0.72，0.77 and 0.77（all P<0.05），and its corresponding cut-off-value were 11.8，0.6，1.3 and 5.1；The AUROC of LSM，APRI，FIB-4 and Forns index for the diagnosis of obvious liver fibrosis （≥F2） in CHB patients with mild hepatic steatosis were 0.79，0.67，0.74 and 0.77 （all P<0.05） and its corresponding cut-off-valures were 9.7，0.4，1.1 and 5.4；the AUROC for the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis（≥F4） were 0.88，0.71, 0.75 and 0.78（all P<0.05），and its corresponding cut-off-values were 11.8，1.1，1.5 and 5.4；The APRI and FIB-4 didn’t find light hepatic fibrosis in the two groups（P＞0.05；The efficacy of LSM for the diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis was superior to APRI. Conclusions The APRI assessment for the liver fibrosis in patients with CHB with mild liver steatosis is poor，while the LSM，FIB-4 and Forns index are good. The mild hepatic steatosis might affect the diagnosis of Forns index in CHB patients with liver fibrosis.

Objective The precious studies have proved that the monotherapy of telbivudine（LDT） or adefovir dipivoxil （ADV） can influence the estimated glomerular filtration rate（eGFR）. The aims of this study is to assess the effects of combination therapy based on ADV on renal function in patients with chronic hepatitis B （CHB）. Methods The clinical data of 164 patients with CHB in the Department of Infectious Disease，Second Affiliated Hospital，Dalian Medical University between February 2007 and October 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. The study included treatment of entecavir （ETV） combined with ADV（n=42），lamivudine （LAM）combined with ADV（n=68），and telbivudine（LDT） combined with ADV（n=54）. We compared the changes of serum creatinine（sCr），eGFR and we analyzed the risk factors affecting eGFR changes in the patients by Logistic analysis. Results At the end of 104 week treatment， serum sCr level in the group of ETV combined with ADV increased as compared to that at baseline（73 μmol/L versus 67 μmol/L，P=0.012），it alse increased in LAM combined with ADV group（79 μmol/L versus 68 μmol/L，P=0.008），while it decreased in the group of LDT combined with ADV（64 μmol/L versus 69 μmol/L，P=0.023）；The eGFR in the group of ETV combined with ADV decreased （96.1 ml·min^-1·1.73 m² versus 107.8 ml·min^-1·1.73 m²，P=0.004），it alse decreased in LAM combined with ADV group （87.3 ml·min^-1·1.73 m² versus 105.4 ml·min^-1·1.73 m²，P=0.000），however， the eGFR in the group of LDT combined with ADV increased （104.1ml·min^-1·1.73 m² versus 116.2 ml·min^-1·1.73 m²，P=0.005）；the proportion of patients with normal renal function in the group of LDT combined with ADV was higher than that in the group of LAM or ETV combined with ADV（P=0.002，P=0.001）；Logistic analysis showed that age，gender，the baseline eGFR，ETV combined with ADV and LAM combined with ADV were the independent risk factors for predicting eGFR decrease. Conclusion The treatment of LDT combined with ADV might improve the eGFR and protect the renal function. LDT may be a rescue therapy for patients with renal indeficiency.

Objective To explore the effect of Yiqi Jiedu Huayu compound combined with antiviral therapy on peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and inflammatory cytokines in patients with refractory chronic hepatitis C （CHC）. Methods 84 patients with refractory CHC between March 2013 and February 2015 were recruited in this study and they were randomly divided into observation group and control group with 42 cases in each. Patients in control group were given polyethylene glycol interferon combined with ribavirin as antiviral therapy，while patients in observation group received Yiqi Jiedu Huayu compound at the base of antiviral therapy. All patients were followed up for 6 months，and clinical efficacy，peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets，inflammatory cytokines were observed and compared between the two groups. Results At the end of 6-month treatment，the total effective rates and negative conversion rates of HCV RNA in observation group were 81.0% and 14.3%，significantly higher than those in control group（57.1% and 2.4%，respectively，P<0.05 for both）；Patients in observation group had higher percentage of CD3+cells，CD4+cells and the ratio of CD4/CD8，but lower percentage of CD8+ cells than patients in control group [（69.3±6.1）% vs.（62.5±5.5）%，（36.4±4.2）% vs. （30.2±3.6）%，（1.4±0.4） vs. （1.1±0.4） and （25.4±2.5）% vs. （26.9±3.5）%，respectively，P<0.05 for all]；Serum levels of L-selectin，soluble intercellular adhesion molecule，interlukin-6 and TNF-α in observation group were lower than those in control group [（886.2±154.5） ng/ml vs. （1268.9±235.8） ng/ml，（258.7±65.4） ng/ml vs. （379.6±80.3） ng/ml，（88.7±11.6） pg/ml vs. （121.6±14.2） pg/ml，（1.3±0.5） ng/ml vs. （1.6±0.5） ng/ml，respectively，P<0.05 for all]；The patients in observation group had higher white blood cell and platelet counts than in control group（P<0.05）. Conclusion Yiqi Jiedu Huayu compound combined with antiviral therapy is able to attenuate the inflammatory reactions，modulate lymphocyte subset disorders，reduce bone marrow suppression，and improve the clinical efficacy in patients with refractory CHC.

Objective To explore the role of nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptors （NLR） P3 inflammasome in patients with alcoholic liver diseases（ALD）. Methods The liver tissues from 12 patients with alcoholic hepatitis （AH），4 with alcoholic liver cirrhosis （ALC） and 12 healthy persons were obtained in this study，and NLRP3，Caspase 1 and IL-1 beta mRNA levels were detected by RT-PCR. Plasma IL-1β levels were assayed by ELISA in 84 patients with ALD[20 with AH，48 with ALC（19 with Child-Pugh class A，22 with class B and 7 with class C），16 with severe alcoholic hepatitis（SAH） and 40 healthy persons. The correlation of plasma IL-1 β level to biochemical indexes was analyzed. Results The hepatic NLRP3 mRNA levels in patients with AH and ALC were（28.1±2.8） and（28.4±3.1），significantly higher than that in healthy control [（8.8±1.8），P<0.01]，the Caspase-1 mRNA levels were（18.8±1.2） and （24.6±1.8），significantly higher than that in healthy persons [（15.1±1），P<0.05]，IL-1β mRNA levels were（17.0±2.9） and （16.3±4.4），significantly higher than that in healthy control [（7.0±1.1），P<0.01]，and NLRP3 mRNA levels was positively correlated to IL-1β mRNA or Caspase 1 mRNA（P<0.05）；plasma IL-1β levels in patients with AH，ALC and SAH were（36.1±1.8） pg/mL，（28.0±1.6） pg/ml and（32.5±2.4） pg/ml，respectively，significantly higher than that in healthy persons [（1.5±0.8） pg/ml，P<0.01]；the plasma IL-1β levels in patients with Child-Pugh class A，B and C had no significant difference （P>0.05）；plasma IL-1β level in patients with ALD was positively correlated to serum ALT or the ratio of AST/ALT. Conclusion NLRP3 inflammasome and proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β are involved in patients with ALD，and they might play an important roles in liver inflammatory process.

Objective To investigate the relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） and different histological types of primary bronchogenic carcinoma（lung cancer）. Methods In-patients with primary lung cancer，who had Results of liver ultrasound check-up in Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital in 2009 and in 2013，were restrospectively enrolled in this study，and we tried to explore the relationship of NAFLD to what histological types of lung cancer. Results Among 3664 patients with lung cancer recruted in the two years，807 patients （22.0%） was found to have NAFLD，1379 （37.6%） was female，and 2189 （59.74%） was of adenocarcinoma；The percentage of female，adenocarcinoma，and NAFLD in 2607 patients with lung cancer presented in 2013 were significantly higher than those in 1057 patients met in 2009（40.0% vs. 31.8%，67.8% vs. 40.2%，and 18.6% vs. 23.4，all P<0.001）；In addition，the prevalence of NAFLD in patients with adenocarcinoma （545/2189，24.9 %） was significantly higher than that in squamous cell carcinoma （150/898，16.7%，P<0.01） or small cell lung cancer （16/86，18.6%，P<0.001） patients；NAFLD （OR 1.281，95% CI 1.025-1.600） and obesity（OR 1.391，95% CI 1.135-1.704） were independently positively，while male （OR 0.259，95%CI 0.208-0.323） and smoking （OR 0.588，95%CI 0.486-0.712） were negatively correlated to adenocarcinoma of lung cancer by multiple regression analysis. Conclusions Adenocarcinoma is becoming the most common histological type of lung cancer，and NAFLD is common in patients with pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Obesity and NAFLD might be associated with increased incidence of lung cancer of this type.

Objiective To explore the therapeutic effect of telipressin in treatment of patients with decompensated cirrhosis resulting from chronic hepatitis B. Methods 50 patients with decompensated cirrhosis resulting from chronic hepatitis B were admitted to Anhui Provincial Hospital between August 2014 and June 2016. The patients were divided into telipressin treatment group（n=25） and traditional treatment group（n=25） accordng to the different treatment approaches. The urine volume，abdominal perimeter，and the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase（ALT），AST，total bilirubin，alkaline phosphatase（ALP），creatinine， urea nitrogen on day 1，3，7 after treatment were compared between the two groups. Results On day 3 and 7 after treatment，serum levels creatinine in telipressin treatment group were（100.88±28.51） μmol/L and （95.28±25.34） μmol/L，respectively，significantly lower than those in traditional treatment group [（124.34±19.88）μmol/L and （113.99±26.89） μmol/L，P＜0.05]；serum levels of urea nitrogen in telipressin treatment group were （10.13±4.76） μmol/L and（9.05±4.53） μmol/L，respectively，markedly lower than those in traditional treatment group[（13.12±5.28）μmol/L and （12.34±5.99） μmol/L，P＜0.05]；urine volumes in telipressin treatment group were （1825.6±613.34） ml and （1990.8±731.16） ml，respectively，much greater than those in traditional treatment group[（1334.42±542.33）ml and（1421.54±698.99） ml，P＜0.05]；abdominal perimeters in telipressin treatment group were（91.32±7.4） cm and（91.04±7.45） cm， respectively，smaller than those in traditional treatment group [（96.28±6.89）cm and （96.55±7.99） cm，P＜0.05]；after seven day treatment，ascites subsided in 76.0% in telipressin treatment group （19/25），much higher than 40.0% in patients in traditional treatment group（10/25，P＜0.05）；However，serum levels of ALT，AST，ALP，total bilirubin on day 3 and 7 after treatment were not significantly different between the two groups（P＞0.05）. Conclusion Terlipressin is effective for patients with decompensated cirrhosis resulting from chronic hepatitis B. The treatment can improve renal functions and decrease ascites.

Objective To explore the clinical efficacy and safety of microwave ablation combined with laparoscopic liver resection in treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） with underlying liver cirrhosis. Methods 70 patients with HCC and underlying liver cirrhosis were accepted in our hospital between March 2009 and March 2015. 38 patients in observation group underwent microwave ablation combined with laparoscopic liver resection and 32 patients in control group underwent laparoscopic liver resection. The perioperative parameters， liver function indexes before and after treatment，complete resection rate，recurrence rate，and complications in the two groups were observed and compared. Results The operation time in observation group was（162.3±32.4） min，obviously longer than in control group[（131.0±27.9） min，P<0.05]，and the blood loss，drainage tube removal time and hospital stays in observation group were 【（132.5±25.6） mL，（5.2±1.3） d and（7.3±1.8） d】，less or shorter than in control group 【（368.4±67.1） mL，（7.0±1.6） d and（10.4±2.0） d，P<0.05】；serum bilirubin and alanine transaminase levels 7 days after operation in observation group were 【（19.7±5.2） μmol/L and （86.7±31.4） IU/L】，obviously lower than in control group【（24.1±5.8） μmol/L and（132.6±27.5） IU/L，P<0.05】；serum albumin in the two groups were【（43.3±10.8） g/L and（32.4±10.1）g/L，P<0.05】，while the prothrombin time international normalized ratio in the two groups were not significantly different （P>0.05）；The complete resection rate in the observation group was 94.74%，obviously higher than 78.13% （P<0.05） in the control group；the recurrence rate in the observation group was 7.89%，much lower than in the control group （28.13%，P<0.05）. Conclusion Microwave ablation combined with laparoscopic liver resection has a good efficacy and safety in treatment of patients with HCC and liver cirrhosis.

Objective To compare the value of contrast-enhanced CT and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the diagnosis of patients with focal liver lesions. Methods 81 patients with focal liver lesions were recruited in our hospital between March 2012 and May 2015. All the patients underwent contrast-enhanced CT check-up and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. The imaging characteristics and the imaging parameters of ultrasonic contrast of benign and malignant liver lesions were recorded. Then，a comparison of the diagnostic efficacy of the two Methods was conducted. Results This study included 41 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma（HCC） and 40 with benign liver lesions. The quantitative analysis of the Results of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography revealed that time to peak，rise time and mean transit time in patients with malignant liver lesions were significantly shorter than those in patients with benign lesions [（33.2±5.8） s vs. （48.6±13.2） s，（24.1±4.9） s vs. （38.7±11.5） s，（108.5±21.3） s vs. （156.7±35.6） s，respectively，P<0.05 for all]，while the perfusion index in patients with malignant liver lesions was significantly higher than that in patients with benign lesions[（145.3±39.2） vs.（83.6±17.9），P<0.05]；The sensitivity，specificity，and accuracy of the contrast-enhanced ultrasonography were 97.1%， 92.3% and 96.3%，while those of contrast-enhanced CT were 80.3%（P<0.05），91.2%（P>0.05）and 85.2%（P<0.05）. Conclusion Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography could provide abundant imaging information of hepatic lesions in terms of morphology and data measurement，with high sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy in diagnosis of patients with liver lesions.

Objective We explored the effect of nursing care and its impact on rehabilitation in patients with primary liver cancer （PLC） after transhepatic arterial chemoembolization （TACE） in order to provide guidance for improving the life quality of patients. Methods 50 patients with moderate and advanced PLC underwent TACE with hepatic artery perfusion of raltitrexed，and we carried out holistic nursing，including psychological，febrile，dietary，abdominal and local nursing post-operatively for them. We also measured blood liver function indexes and alpha-fetoprotein（AFP） before and after the treatment. Results Four weeks after TACE， serum alanine transaminase，aspartic transaminae，total bilirubin and albumin levels decreased from（43.58±10.15）U/L，（41.25±11.34）U/L，（22.46±6.49） μmol/L and （35.32±4.12） g/L at admission to （38.23±7.86） U/L，（38.56±8.49）U/L，（16.84±10.16） μmol/L and（31.49±5.48） g/L，post-operatively，all no significant difference（P>0.05）；serum AFP decreased from（1215.46±125.14） ng/mL to（811.27±165.28） ng/mL（P＜0.01）；The white blood cell counts decreased in two （4%），fever in two （4%），psychological stress in three（6%），local pain in six（14%），and nausea/vomiting in eight（16%），suggesting the improvement by nursing care in this setting. Conclusions TACE with raltitrexed in treatment of patients with PLC is effective，and the postoperative nursing care might reduce the occurrence of complications，which greatly improve the postoperative rehabilitation of patients.

Objective To investigate the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor（IGF-1R），nuclear factor-κB（NF-κB） and the mechanism of multi-drug resistance（MDR） in insulin resistance（IR）- hepatoma cells in vitro. Methods The human hepatoma cells（HepG2 and HepG2.2.15） were induced by high concentration of insulin to establish a insulin resistance model. The expression of insulin receptor （InsR），IGF-1R，NF kappa B，P glycoprotein（P-gp） were detected by Western bloting and the effect of adriamycin on cell apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry（annexin V-FITC）. Results IR model of hepatoma cells were established successfully by subjecting the HepG2 and HepG2.2.15 cells to 100 nmol/L and 1 000 n mol/L insulin respectively for 48 hours. The expression of IGF-1R，NF-kappa B and P-gp were up-regulated in IR hepatoma cells，while the InsR expression was down-regulated；After treatment of the two cells with 25 μg/ml doxorubicin for 24 hours，the apoptosis rate of IR-HpeG 2 cells （31.1% ±1.9%） was significantly lower than HepG2 cells [（49.7±2.2）%，P＜0.01]，and the apoptosis rate of IR-HepG2.2.15 cells（20.1±1.7）% was significantly lower than HepG2.2.15 cells[（33.8±1.8）%，P＜0.01]；The apoptotic rates of HepG2.2.15 or IR-HepG2.2.15 cells were significantly lower than HepG2 or IR-HepG2 cells（P＜0.01），respectively. Conclusion The expression of IGF-1R， NF-kappa B and P-gp are up-regulated in IR-hepatoma cells，which might induce the MDR to adriamycin.

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of laparoscopic tumor resection in treatment of patients with hemangioma of liver at I and ⅣaⅦ and Ⅷ section. Methods 74 patients with hemangioma of liver at I and Ⅳa，Ⅶ and Ⅷ section were admitted to our hospital between January 2012 and January 2013. They were randomly divided into two groups，and 37 patients were treated with routine open surgery （ROS），while another 37 patients were treated by laparoscopic tumor resection（LTR）. Postoperative pain scores，clinical indicators and postoperative complications in the two groups were observed. Results The recovery of gastrointestinal function，feeding，hospitalization and indwelling catheter in patients receiving LTR were （2.6±0.8） d，（2.9±0.8） d，（13.2±1.3） d，（2.9±0.9） d，much shorter than in patients receiving ROS【（4.28±1.12） d，（4.81±0.75） d，（17.4±2.48） d，（4.5±1.51） d，respectively，P<0.05】；the blood loss during operation in LTR were（110.2±32.4） ml，much lower than in ROS 【（155.6±40.3） ml，P<0.05】；the medical cost in LTR were（8437.0±206.7） yuan，much higher than in ROS【（6399±110.4） yuan，P<0.05】；the postoperative complication rate in LTR was 2.7%，much higher than 16.2% in ROS （x²=5.045，P=0.028）；the recurrence rate of tumor in LTR at the end of 36-month followed-up was 8.1%，which was not significantly different with 2.7% in ROS（x²=1.057，P=0.307）；postoperative pain scores in the two groups reached peak after 12 h，and the postoperative pain score in LTR was significantly lower than that in ROS（P＜0.05）. Conclusion Laparoscopic surgery in treatment of patients with hemangioma of liver at special sections has some virtues such as less trauma，less bleeding，fast recovery and less costs.

Hepatitis B virus （HBV） often leads to chronic hepatitis B. Pattern recognition receptors （PRRs）， an important recognition molecules，play a pivotal role in recognizing pathogen and inducing antiviral immune response since the early stage of virus infection. In this review，we expounded the definition，types，and signal paths of PRRs，which were divided into Toll-like receptors and Toll-independent pattern recognition receptors，and we finally summarized the roles of PRRs in the process of HBV infection.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） is thought to be mainly caused by over-eating and sedentary lifestyle， while it can hardly explain the incidence of non-obese NAFLD. Recently，other possible causes and mechanisms has become a new research spot. It’s very hard for a patient with NAFLD to stick to a well-designed living regimen，so giving an overall and more effective treatment has now become another hotspot. This article reviewed the psychological stress，emotions，such as depression and anxiety，imbalance of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal（HPA） axis，glucose and lipid metabolism disorders， and immuno-inflammatory responses in the development of NAFLD.

Hepatitis C virus （HCV） is hepatotropic and pantropic，which also shows a lot of extrahepatic manifestation except liver damage. In recent years，studies show a close relationship between cardiovascular diseases and chronic hepatitis C. HCV infection can cause atherosclerosis，myocardial disease，myocarditis，pulmonary high-pressure and so on，making it a risk factor of cardiovascular diseases.

Caudate hepatocellular carcinoma is a special type of malignant tumor located in the caudate lobe of the liver. Surgical resection is difficult to perform because of specific anatomic structure with complex vascular and biliary duct adjacent to the tumor. At present，surgical treatment，interventional therapy，local ablation and radiologic treatment are often selected，but all treatment is less effective. In this paper，we discussed the concept and method of minimally invasive treatment dealing with patients with caudate hepatocellular carcinoma.

Radiation-induced liver injury（RILI） is one of the main complications in the radiotherapy of patients with primary liver cancer and abdominal tumors，which limits the radiation doses for the tumor regions and may affects the outcomes of patients at some extent. It is reported that multiple cytokines are closely associated with the pathogenesis of RILI，and cytokines are involved in different stages of RILI by triggering a variety of downstream signaling pathways. In this paper，we try to introduce the latest research of cytokines and their signal transduction pathways related to RILI.