Caudate hepatocellular carcinoma is a special type of malignant tumor located in the caudate lobe of the liver. Surgical resection is difficult to perform because of specific anatomic structure with complex vascular and biliary duct adjacent to the tumor. At present，surgical treatment，interventional therapy，local ablation and radiologic treatment are often selected，but all treatment is less effective. In this paper，we discussed the concept and method of minimally invasive treatment dealing with patients with caudate hepatocellular carcinoma.

The Chinese Society of Hepatology of the Chinese Medical Association invited relevantexperts to revise and update the Guideline of Prevention and Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease(2018Version) and renamed it as (Version 2024) Guideline for the Prevention and Treatment of MetabolicDysfunction-associated (non-alcoholic) Fatty Liver Disease. Herein, the guiding recommendations on clinicalissues such as screening and monitoring, diagnosis and evaluation, treatment and follow-up of metabolicdysfunction-associated fatty liver disease are put forward.

Objective To compare the value of contrast-enhanced CT and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the diagnosis of patients with focal liver lesions. Methods 81 patients with focal liver lesions were recruited in our hospital between March 2012 and May 2015. All the patients underwent contrast-enhanced CT check-up and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. The imaging characteristics and the imaging parameters of ultrasonic contrast of benign and malignant liver lesions were recorded. Then，a comparison of the diagnostic efficacy of the two Methods was conducted. Results This study included 41 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma（HCC） and 40 with benign liver lesions. The quantitative analysis of the Results of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography revealed that time to peak，rise time and mean transit time in patients with malignant liver lesions were significantly shorter than those in patients with benign lesions [（33.2±5.8） s vs. （48.6±13.2） s，（24.1±4.9） s vs. （38.7±11.5） s，（108.5±21.3） s vs. （156.7±35.6） s，respectively，P<0.05 for all]，while the perfusion index in patients with malignant liver lesions was significantly higher than that in patients with benign lesions[（145.3±39.2） vs.（83.6±17.9），P<0.05]；The sensitivity，specificity，and accuracy of the contrast-enhanced ultrasonography were 97.1%， 92.3% and 96.3%，while those of contrast-enhanced CT were 80.3%（P<0.05），91.2%（P>0.05）and 85.2%（P<0.05）. Conclusion Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography could provide abundant imaging information of hepatic lesions in terms of morphology and data measurement，with high sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy in diagnosis of patients with liver lesions.

Endoplasmic reticulum（ER） homeostasis is perturbed by various pathological conditions,and a given new synthesized unfolded proteins might accumulate in the ER and result in endoplasmic reticulum stress（ERS）. ERS is related to the pathogenesis of the various liver diseases,and some scholars believe that the intervention of ERS will provide new choices for prevention and treatment of liver diseases. This paper will review the unfolded protein response due to ERS,which might be the target for medical intervention for liver diseases.

Vascular inteventional therapy has played an important role in patients with unresectable primary liver cancer（PLC）,while the effect of vascular interventional therapy is closely related to the choice of embolic materials. We reviewed the characteristics and the clinical application of common embolic materials used in vascular inteventional therapy.

Hepatocyte apoptosis can be divided into physiological and pathologicalapoptosis. Both of them are relevant to the progression of liver disease. Reactive oxygen species（ROS） play an important role in the induction of hepatocyteapoptosis. Recently， some reports show thatnuclear factor E2-related fator 2（Nrf-2） represents one of the mostimportant cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative stress，inflammatory and tumorigenesis. Here，we reviewed the mechanisms of signal transduction involved in Nrf-2 related pathway and its possible roles in the process of hepatic apoptosis under oxidative stress.

Objective Non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide at present, and the main mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis include insulin resistance, oxidative stress and so on. Different serum markers are closely related to the pathogenesis of NAFLD, but there is no clear conclusion yet. This article reviewed the important role of different serum markers in patients with NAFLD.

Objective To explore the efficacy of the gelatin sponge particle and embosphere microsphere embolization for the treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and tumor rupture. Methods 49 patients with rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma underwent transcatheter arterial embolization by gelatin sponge particle （n=23） or embosphere microsphere（n=26） embolization in recent 5 years,and instant hemostatic and rehaemorrhagia rates were compared. Results There was no difference between gelatin sponge particle and embosphere microsphere embolization on the effects of instant hemostatic（both were 100%）;Seven days after intervention,the rehaemorrhagia rate in gelatin sponge particles was 13.0%（3/23）,one patient was transferred to surgery,one patient was re-intervened and one patient dead because of haemorrhagic shock,respectively;The rehaemorrhagia rate in embosphere microspheres group was 3.8%（1/26,P<0.01）,and the patient received re-intervention and the bleeding was stopped successfully. Conclusion The instant hemostatic effect is the same between the gelatin sponge particle and embosphere microspheres embolization in patients with rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma,however,the embosphere group has much less chance to rebleeding within 7 days.

Portopulmonary hypertension （PPHTN） is defined as the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with increased pulmonary vascular resistance complicating portal hypertension, with or without advanced liver disease. The presence of PPHTN markedly increases mortality. No effective medical therapies are currently available and liver transplantation is the only accepted treatment at the time. This review stresses on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and the prognosis of PPHTN.

Objective The aim of this study was to summarize the ultrasonographic and biochemical features of patients with non-alcoholic heterogeneous fatty liver (NAHFL). Methods 90 patients with NAHFL and 30 healthy persons were enrolled in our hospital between January 2016 and December 2018, and ultrasonography and blood biochemical indicators were carried out. Results Out of the 90 patients with NAHFL, 23 cases (25.6%) belonged to type I (local invasive type), 29 cases (32.2%) belonged to type II (segmental infiltration type) and 38 cases (42.2%) belonged to type III (diffuse heterogeneous infiltration) type); serum transferrin (SF) level in patients with type II fatty liver was (254.2±98.7) μg/L, significantly higher than [(175.1±98.4) μg/L, P<0.05] in healthy control; the fasting blood glucose level in patients with type III fatty liver was (6.37±0.79) mmol/L, significantly higher P<0.05] in the control, and HbA1c was than in the control, blood uric acid level was (418.3±40.5)μmol/L, significantly higher than in the control, and SF was (287.3±105.1) mg/l, significantly higher than in the control; serum AST level in patients with type II fatty liver was (51.5±13.4) IU/L, significantly higher than in the control, serum GGT level was (59.3±31.2) IU/L, significantly higher than in the control, blood TC in patients with type III fatty liver was (4.7±0.8) mmol/L, significantly higher than in the control, blood TG was (3.2±1.5) mmol/L, significantly higher than in the control, serum AST was (60.2±18.7) IU/L, significantly higher than , serum ALT was (54.2±29.8) IU/L, significantly higher than , and serum GGT level was (59.3±31.2) IU / L, significantly higher than in the control. Conclusion Ultrasonography might show a characteristic features in patients with NAHFL, and the diagnosis might be made at the base of blood analysis in clinical practice.

Objective To estimate the effectiveness and safety of magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate injection （MIG） for the treatment of patients with cirrhosis. Methods All the randomized controlled trials（RCT） about the effectiveness and safety of MIG for the treatment of patients with cirrhosis were collected by searching databases including Pubmed，Embse，Cochrane library，CBM，Wanfang，CNKI and VIP. The screening of literatures，extraction of information and evaluation of the risk of bias were accomplished by two independent reviewers. Statistical analyses were performed with RevMan 5.2 software. Results A total of 9 RCTs involving 576 patients were included，while the methodology of the included studies was of low quality. The meta-analysis showed that the clinical effective rate of MIG used alone or in combination with other liver-protecting agents was significantly higher than in other hepatoprotective drugs （RR: 1.23，95%CI: 1.07 to 1.42，P<0.01） and （RR:1.31，95%CI: 1.13 to 1.51，P<0.01） with remarkably improved liver function and no severe side effects. Conclusion MIG injection is superior to other hepatoprotective drugs for liver cirrhosis with fewer side effects. However，more controlled trials of high quality are required to further assess the effectiveness and safety of MIG for patients with cirrhosis.