[1] 中华医学会感染病学分会肝衰竭与人工肝学组和肝病学分会重型肝病与人工肝学组. 肝衰竭诊疗指南[J]. 实用肝脏病杂志,2006,9：321-324.
[2] HOU JL,LIN Y,WATERS J,et al. Detection and significance of a G1867T variant of hepatitis B virus in Chinese patiens with fulminant hepatitis[J]. J Gen Virol,2002,83（6）;2291-2298.
[3] TILLMANN HL. Antiviral therapy and resistance with hepatitis B virus infection[J]. World J Gastroenterol,2007,13（1）：125-140.
[4] HUY TT,ABE K,et al. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B and C virus infections in Asia[J]. Pediatr Int,2004,46（2）：223-301.
[5] HUNT CM,MCGILL JM,ALLEN MI,et al. Clinical relevance of heaptitis B viral mutations[J]. Hepatology,2000,31（5）：1037-1044.
[6] HUY TT,USHIJIMA H,WIN KM,et al. High prevalence of hepatitis B virus pre-s mutant in countries where it is endemic and its relationship with genotype and chronicity[J]. J Clin Mirobiol,2003,41（12）：5449-5455.
[7] FAN YF,LU CC,CHEN WC,et al. Prevalence and significance of hepatitis B virus （HBV） pre-s mutants in serum and liver at different replcative stages of chronic HBV infection[J]. Hepatology,2001,33（1）：277-286.
[8] CHEN CH,HUNG CH,LEE CM,et al. Pre-s deletion and complex mutations of hepatitis B virus related to advanced liver disease in HBeAg- negative patients[J]. Gastroenterology,2007,133（5）：1466-1474.
[9] ENGELKE M,MILLS K,SEITZ S,et al. Characterization of a hepatitis B and hepatitis delta virus receptor binding site[J]. Hepatology,2006,43（4）：750-760.
[10] POLLICINO T,ZANETTI AR,CACCIOLA I,et al. Pre-S2 defective hepatitis B virus infection in patients with fulminant hepatitis[J]. Hepatology,1997,26（2）：495-499.
[11] KALININA T,RIU A,FISCHER L,et al. A dominant hepatitis B virus population defective in virus secretion because of several S-gene mutations from a patient with fulminant hepatitis[J]. Hepatology,2001,34（20）：385-394.
[12] WU W,CHEN Y,RUAN B,et al. Gene heterogeneigy of hepatitis B virus isolates from patients with severe hepatitis B[J]. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int,2005,4（4）：530-534.
[13] BAUMERT TF,BARTH H,BLUM HE,et al. Genetic variants of hepatitis B virus and their clinical relevance[J].Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol,2005,51（1）：95-108.
[14] YARKIN F,ALTUN Z. The prevalence of hepatitis B virus precore mutant in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection[J]. Clin Microbiol Infect,2004,5：1-4.
[15] SHIRAKI K,HAMADA M,SUGIMOTO K,et al. Detection of precore mutant hepatitis B virus genome in patients with acute and fulminant hepatitis using mutation site-specific assay（MSSA）[J]. Hepatogastroenterology,2002,49（47）：1352-1356.
[16] 郭亚兵,侯金林,骆抗先,等. 重型乙型肝炎e抗原阴性患者前C变异株及其体外翻译[J]. 中华肝脏病杂志,2001,9（1）：42-44.
[17] KOBAYASHI M,ARASE Y,IKEDA K,et al. Precore wild-type hepatitis B virus with G1896 in the resolution of persistent hepatitis B virus infection[J]. Intervirology,2003,46（3）：157-163.
[18] DAI MS,LU JJ,CHEN YC,et al. Reactivation of precore mutant hepatitis B virus in chemotherapy-treated patients[J]. Cancer,2001,92（11）：2927-2932.
[19] LI KS,YAMASHIRO T,SUNMIE A,et al. Hepatitis B virus harboring nucleotide deletions in the core promoter region and genotype B carriers[J]. J Clin Virol,2001,23（1-2）：97-106.
[20] SAINOKAMI S,ABE K,SATO A,et al. Initial load of hepatitis B virus（HBV）,its changing profile,and precore/core promoter mutations correlate with the severity and outcome of acute HBV infection[J]. J Gastroenterol,2007,42（3）:241-249.
[21] OKAMOTO H,TS UDA F AHANEY AK,et al. Hepatitis B virus with mutations in the core promoter for an e antigen-negative phenotype in carriers with antibody to e antigen[J]. J Virol,1994,68（12）：8102-8110.
[22] KUSUMOTO K,YATSUHASHI H,NAKAO R,et al.Detection of HBV core promoter and precore mutations helps distinguish flares of chronic hepatitis from acute hepatitis B[J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2008,23（5）：790-793.
[23] OZASA A,TANAKA Y,ORITO E,et al. Influence of genotypes and precore mutations on fulminant or chronic outcome of acute hepatitis B virus infection[J]. Hepatology,2006,44（2）：326-334.
[24] JAMMEH S,TAVNER F,WATSON R,et al. Effect of basal core promoter and pre-core mutations on hepatitis B virus replication[J]. J Gen Virol,2008,89（4）:901-909.
[25] TONG S,KIM KH,CHANTE C,et al. Hepatitis B virus e antigen variants [J]. Int J Med Sci,2005,2（1）：2-7.
[26] BAUMERT TF,YANG C,SCHURMANN P,et al. Hepatitis B virus mutations associated with fulminant hepatitis induce apoptosis in primary Tupaia hepatocytes[J]. Hepatology,2005,41（2）：247-256.
[27] HAYASHI K,KATANO Y,CHUONG TX,et al. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus subgenotypes and basal core promoter,precroe variants in patiens with acute hepatitis B in central Vietnam[J]. Intervirology,2009,52（1）：22-28.
[28] FRIEDT M,GERNER P,WINTERMEYER P,et al. Complete hepatitis B virus genome analysis in HBsAg positive mothers and their infants with fulminant hepatitis B[J].BMC Gastroenterol,2004,4（1）：11.
[39] GEROLAMI R,HENRY M,BORENTAIN P,et al. Fulminant hepatitis B associated with a specific insertion in the basal core promoter region of hepatitis B virus DNA after immunosuppressive treatment[J]. Clin Infect Dis,2005,40（4）：24-27.
[30] CHEN Y,MICHITAKA K,MATSUBARA H,et al. Complete genome sequence of hepatitis B virus （HBV） from a patient with fulminant hepatitis without precore and core promoter mutations：comparison with HBV from a patient with acute hepatitis infected from the same infectious source[J]. J Hepatol,2003,38（1）：84-90.
[31] LEIFELD L,NATTERMANN J,FIELENBACH M,et al. Intrahepatic activation of caspases in human fulminant hepatic failure[J]. Liver Int,2006, 26（7）：872-879.
[32] MITA A,HASHIKURA Y,TAGAWA Y,et al. Expression of Fas ligand by hepatic macrophages in patients with fulminant hepatic failure[J]. Am J Gastroenterol,2005,100（11）：2551- 2559.
[33] HOU W,LIU KZ,LI MW,et al. Effect of IFN alpha-2a on Fas expression and apoptosis rate of peripheral blood cytotoxic T cells in patients with hepatitis B[J]. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int,2005,4（3）：403- 405.
[34] GANDHE SS,CHADHA MS,WALIMBE AM,et al. Hepatitis B virus：prevalence of precore/core promoter mutants in different clinical categories of Indian patients[J]. J Viral Hepat,2003,10（5）：367-382.
[35] LIU CJ,KAO JH,LAI MY,et al. Precore/core promoter mutations and genotypes of hepatitis B virus in chronic hepatitis B patients with fulminant or subfulminant hepatitis[J]. J Med Virol,2004,72（4）：545-550.
[36] LI W,IKEMASTU H,YAMAJI TK,et al. Hepatitis B virus genomes of chronic heptatitis patients do not contain specific mutations related to acute exacerbation[J]. Dig Dis Sci,2001,46：2104-2112.
[37] KOMASTU H,INUI A,MORINISHI Y,et al. Sequence analysis of hepatitis B virus genomes from an infant with acute severe hepatits and a hepatitis B e antigen-positive carrier mother[J]. J Med Virol,2001,65:457-462.
[38] MAYERAT C,MANTEGANI A,SPERTINI F,et al. Mutations in the basal core promoter and percore/core gene of hepatitis B virus in patients with chronic active but not acute hepatitis B[J]. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis,1999,18（12）：871-878.
[39] SUGIYAMA M,TANAKA Y,KURBANOV F,et al. Influences on hepatitis B virus replication by a naturally occurring mutation in the core gene[J]. Virology,2007,365（2）：285-291.
[40] KARAYIANNIS P,ALEXOPOULOU A,HADZIYANNIS S,et al. Fulminant hepatitis associated with hepatitis B virus e antigen-negative infection：importance of hosfactors[J].Hepatology,1995,22（6）：1628-1628.
[41] HENKLER F,HOARE J,WASEEM N,et a1. Intracellular localization of the hepatitis B virus HBx protein[J]. J Gen Virol,2001,82：871-882.
[42] KANEKO M,UCHIDA T,MORIYAMA M,et al. Probable implication of mutations of the X open reading frame in the onset of fulminant hepatitis B[J]. Med Virol,1995,47（3）：204-208.
[43] ARBUTHNOT P,CAPOVILLA A,KEW M. Putative role of hepatitis B virus X protein in hepatocarcinogenesis：effects on apoptosis,DNA repair,mitogen-activated protein kinase and JAK/STAT pathways[J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2000,15（4）：357-368.
[44] INOUE K,OGAWA O,YAMADA M,et al. Possible association of vigorous hepatitis B virus replication with the development of fulminant hepatitis[J]. J Gastroenterol,2006,41（4）：383-387.
[45] LIAW YF. Management of YMDD mutations during lamivudine therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B[J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2002,17（Suppl3）：S333-S337. |
